Nervous System Parts and Functions Grade 10 Science.pptx

ppt about parts and functions of the nervous system

1. The Nervous System Day 1: Describe the divisions and subdivisions of the nervous system. Day 2: Distinguish the major functions of the nervous system: sensation, integration, and response. Day 3-4: Describe how the nervous system coordinates and regulates these feedback mechanisms to maintain homeostasis.

2. Chain Reaction Review Students collaboratively review key terms by building a "chain" of explanations on the board. One student starts by defining a term, then connects it to another term on the board, explaining the relationship. This chain continues with other students adding their explanations until all terms are connected. Finally, the class reviews the chain, clarifying any unclear connections and reinforcing their understanding of the reviewed topic.

3. The Nervous System The nervous system transmits signals between the brain and the rest of the body, including internal organs. In this way, the nervous system’s activity controls the ability to move, breathe, see, think, and more.

4. The CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM is made up of the brain and spinal cord. The PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM is made up of nerves that branch off from the spinal cord and extend to all parts of the body. What are the divisions and subdivisions of the nervous system?

5. What are the divisions and subdivisions of the nervous system?

6. What are the divisions and subdivisions of the nervous system? The basic unit of the nervous system is a nerve cell, or neuron. The human brain contains about 100 billion neurons. A neuron has a cell body, which includes the cell nucleus, and special extensions called axons (pronounced AK-sonz) and dendrites (pronounced DEN-drahytz). Bundles of axons, called nerves, are found throughout the body. Axons and dendrites allow neurons to communicate, even across long distances.

7. How do we transfer information? Neurotransmission

8. The CNS includes the brain and spinal cord along with various centers that integrate all the sensory and motor information in the body. These centers can be broadly subdivided into lower centers, including the spinal cord and brain stem, that carry out essential body and organ-control functions and higher centers within the brain that control more sophisticated information processing, including our thoughts and perceptions. Central Nervous System Prefrontal Cortex Hippocampus Amygdala

9. The brain is the most complex organ in the human body. It is responsible for: Thought Learning Memory Movement Sensation Regulation of many body functions such as breathing, heart rate, and digestion. The Brain Prefrontal Cortex Hippocampus Amygdala

10. The forebrain : This is the largest part of the brain and is responsible for higher-order functions such as thinking, planning, and problem-solving. It also contains the motor cortex, which controls movement, and the sensory cortex, which receives sensory information from the body. Three Main Parts of the Brain Prefrontal Cortex Hippocampus Amygdala

11. The midbrain: This part of the brain is responsible for relaying messages between the forebrain and the hindbrain. It also controls some basic functions such as sleep and wakefulness. Three Main Parts of the Brain Prefrontal Cortex Hippocampus Amygdala

12. The hindbrain : This part of the brain is responsible for controlling many of the body's essential functions, such as breathing, heart rate, and digestion. It also contains the cerebellum, which coordinates movement, and the medulla oblongata, which controls basic functions such as breathing and heart rate. Three Main Parts of the Brain Prefrontal Cortex Hippocampus Amygdala

13. Three Main Parts of the Brain

14. The spinal cord is a long, thin bundle of nerves that runs down the back from the base of the brain to the lower back. It carries messages between the brain and the rest of the body. The spinal cord also contains reflexes, which are automatic responses to stimuli. The Spinal Cord

15. The central nervous system is protected by the bones of the skull and spine, and the meninges, which are three layers of membrane that surround the brain and spinal cord. The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is a clear, colorless liquid that fills the spaces between the meninges and cushions the brain and spinal cord. The Spinal Cord

16. "The Master Gland" The hypothalamus, a small but critical region located deep within the brain, acts as the body's central control center, regulating various vital functions. Hypothalamus

17. Maintaining homeostasis: Thermoregulation: The hypothalamus plays a crucial role in regulating body temperature. It monitors internal and external temperatures and triggers responses like sweating, shivering, or blood vessel dilation to maintain a constant body temperature. Hunger and thirst: It regulates hunger and thirst by monitoring blood sugar levels and blood volume. When these levels drop, the hypothalamus stimulates the release of hormones like ghrelin (hunger) and vasopressin (thirst) to promote food and water intake. Sleep-wake cycle: The hypothalamus controls the sleep-wake cycle by producing and releasing melatonin, a hormone that promotes sleepiness. It also regulates the release of cortisol, a hormone associated with alertness and wakefulness. Hypothalamus

18. Hormonal control: Pituitary gland connection: The hypothalamus serves as a key link between the nervous system and the endocrine system by controlling the pituitary gland. It produces releasing hormones that stimulate the pituitary gland to release various hormones, impacting functions like growth, reproduction, and stress response. Hormone production: The hypothalamus itself also directly produces some hormones, including oxytocin (associated with childbirth, bonding, and social interaction) and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) which regulates water balance by influencing kidney function. Hypothalamus

19. The amygdala participates in the regulation of autonomic and endocrine functions, decision-making and adaptations of instinctive and motivational behaviors to changes in the environment through implicit associative learning, changes in short- and long-term synaptic plasticity, and activation of the fight-or-flight Amygdala

20. Peripheral Nervous System The PNS is a vast network of nerves consisting of bundles of axons that link the body to the brain and the spinal cord. Sensory nerves of the PNS contain sensory receptors that detect changes in the internal and external environment. This information is sent to the CNS via afferent sensory nerves. Following information processing in the CNS, signals are relayed back to the PNS by way of efferent peripheral nerves.

21. Autonomic and Somatic Nervous Systems The PNS is further subdivided into the autonomic nervous system (ANS) and the somatic nervous system. The autonomic system has involuntary control of internal organs, blood vessels, and smooth and cardiac muscles. The somatic system has voluntary control of our movements via skeletal muscle. As mentioned, the autonomic nervous system acts as a control system and most functions occur without conscious thought. The ANS affects heart rate, digestion, respiratory rate, salivation, perspiration, pupil diameter, urination, and sexual arousal. While most of its actions are involuntary, some, such as breathing, work in tandem with the conscious mind. The ANS is classically divided into two subsystems: the parasympathetic nervous system (PSNS) and sympathetic nervous system (SNS).

22. Sensation It refers to the process of receiving information about the environment “stimuli” to gain input about what is happening in and out of the body. Ms. Edalyn B. Cupo Explain ( Deepening understanding)

23. The sensory functions of the nervous system register the presence of a change from homeostasis or a particular event in the environment, known as a  stimulus . The senses we think of most are the “big five”: taste, smell, touch, sight, and hearing .

24. Integration Stimuli that are received by sensory structures are communicated to the nervous system where that information is processed. Ms. Edalyn B. Cupo Explain ( Deepening understanding)

25. Stimuli are compared with, or integrated with, other stimuli, memories of previous stimuli, or the state of a person at a particular time. This leads to the specific response that will be generated.

26. Response The nervous system produces a response on the basis of the stimuli perceived by sensory structures. Ms. Edalyn B. Cupo Explain ( Deepening understanding)

27. Stimuli are compared with, or integrated with, other stimuli, memories of previous stimuli, or the state of a person at a particular time. This leads to the specific response that will be generated.

28. question #1 A. Feeling and expressing emotions B. Making important decisions and thinking smartly C. Remembering where you put your things What does the prefrontal cortex (PFC) mainly help you with?

29. answer #1 A. Feeling and expressing emotions B. Making important decisions and thinking smartly C. Remembering where you put your things What does the prefrontal cortex (PFC) mainly help you with?

30. Question #2 A. It helps you remember your favorite songs and movies B. It allows you to adapt and learn new things as you grow C. It controls your taste buds, so you enjoy different foods How does the prefrontal cortex (PFC) contribute to your learning abilities?

31. Answer #2 A. It helps you remember your favorite songs and movies B. It allows you to adapt and learn new things as you grow C. It controls your taste buds, so you enjoy different foods How does the prefrontal cortex (PFC) contribute to your learning abilities?

32. The amygdala is an almond-shaped brain structure in the temporal lobe. It deals with emotions, especially fear, and is vital for memory and motivation as part of the limbic system. amygdala Amygdala

33. "The Guard Dog" Significance: The amygdala acts like a guard dog, always vigilant and alert to potential threats. Like a guard dog reacts quickly to protect its territory, the amygdala is responsible for processing emotions, particularly fear and strong emotions. It helps us respond to dangerous or emotional situations, ensuring our safety and well-being amygdala

34. question #1 A. Remembering facts for a test B. Controlling your body movements C.Dealing with strong emotions, like fear and excitement The amygdala helps you with:

35. Answer #1 A. Remembering facts for a test B. Controlling your body movements C.Dealing with strong emotions, like fear and excitement The amygdala helps you with:

36. Question #2 A. A friendly puppy that makes you happy. B. A wise owl that helps you make decisions. C. A guard dog that protects you from danger. Which animal analogy represents the significance of the amygdala?

37. Answer #2 A. A friendly puppy that makes you happy. B. A wise owl that helps you make decisions. C. A guard dog that protects you from danger. Which animal analogy represents the significance of the amygdala?

38. The hippocampus is seahorse-shaped in the brain's temporal lobes. It's crucial for learning, memory, and converting short-term to long-term memories. Hippocampus Hippocampus

39. "The Memory Elephant" Significance: The hippocampus is like a memory elephant because it's crucial for learning and memory. Just like how elephants have an excellent memory and can remember locations and experiences for a long time, the hippocampus helps us form and consolidate long-term memories. It acts as our brain's memory center, converting short-term memories into long-term memories and assisting with spatial navigation, much like how elephants remember vast territories and navigate through them. Hippocampus

40. Question #1 A. It keeps your heart beating and your lungs breathing. B. It helps you find your way around your neighborhood. C. It lets you learn new things and remember them for the future. Why is the hippocampus essential for your daily life?

41. Answer #1 A. It keeps your heart beating and your lungs breathing. B. It helps you find your way around your neighborhood. C. It lets you learn new things and remember them for the future. Why is the hippocampus essential for your daily life?

42. These three brain parts work together like a team. The amygdala tells the PFC when we feel strong emotions, and then the PFC decides how to respond. The hippocampus helps us remember how we felt and what happened, so we can learn from our experiences. When we learn something new, the PFC and hippocampus work together to store it in our memory. Conclusion

43. Sometimes, the amygdala might react too strongly, making us feel scared or anxious even when there's no real danger. But the PFC can step in and calm down the amygdala, reminding us that everything is okay. On the other hand, when we face challenges, the PFC and hippocampus work hard to help us find the best solutions and remember what we've learned. Conclusion

44. So, these brain parts are like a dream team that keeps us safe, helps us learn, and allows us to handle our emotions and decisions in the best way possible!