Nervous System understanding for science students

it is very good for Biology,nurshing students

1. Pankaj Sinha

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4. Pankaj Sinha Forebrain( ( Prosencephalon ) Midbrain(Mesencephalon) Hindbrain( Rhombencephalon ) The Forebrain-sensory processing, endocrine structures,reasoning . The midbrain plays a role in motor movement and audio/visual processing. The hindbrain is involved with autonomic functions such as respiratory rhythms and sleep.( SONA ) ( SONA ) O NA

5. Pankaj Sinha Neurons/Nerve cell are the structural and functional units of the nervous system. Receives, processes, and transmits by electrical and chemical signals.   Every neuron is made of a cell body, also called a soma , Dendrites and an Axon. 1)Dendrites These are branch-like structures that receive messages from other neurons and allow the transmission of messages to the cell body. 2)Cell Body -Each neuron has a cell body with a nucleus, Golgi body, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and other components. 3)Axon is a tube-like structure that carries electrical impulse from the cell body to the axon terminals that pass the impulse to another neuron. 4)Synapse -It is the chemical junction between the terminal of one neuron and the dendrites of another neuron. Neuroglia are non-neuronal cells that support and protect the neurons Neuron--longest cell • Neurons 3 Type – Sensory, Motor, Interneurons Unipolar neurons 1-axon. Bipolar-1AXON,1 DENDRITES Multipolar-1 AXON-MAY DENDRITES

6. Pankaj Sinha The left hemisphere controls speech, comprehension, arithmetic, and writing. The right hemisphere controls creativity, spatial ability, artistic, and musical skills.

7. Pankaj Sinha Nerve fibers are classified into three types: A, B, and C. A and B are myelinated ,C - unmyelinated. a (Aα), beta (Aβ), gamma (Aγ), and delta (Aδ). size and myelination (thus conduction) progressively decreases in the descending order cerebrum outside-Cerebral Cortex - grey matter-measure inside layer-white matter. Frontal lobe:-voluntary motor activity, speaking ability, and the ability to think . Parietal lobe:temperature , pain, taste, and touch . Temporal lobe:memory and hearing information and also speech and language Occipital lobe:It receives and process visual information . Thalamus-Relay station, sleep,wakefulness The limbic system is a group of brain structures that regulate emotion, motivation, memory,behavior . egg-shaped structure Hypothalamus-smart control coordinating center Homeostasis, Dopamine is the “feel-good” hormone.

8. Pankaj Sinha MIDBRAIN(Medulla oblongata, Pons, and Cerebellum) M idbrain is the smallest part of the brainstem--Motor movement, particularly movements of the eye, Auditory and visual processing, Pain, sleep/wake cycle Hindbrain is also known as the rhombencephalon The cerebellum is responsible for: ✓Respiratory rhythm ✓Heartbeat ✓Reflexes such as swallowing, vomiting, and coughing ✓Maintaining equilibrium ✓Transferring information ✓Fine adjustments to motor actions ✓Coordinating eye movements ✓ Sleep, and Wakefulnes Medulla oblongata-autonomic functions (Breathing, Circulation, Swallowing, Digestion, Heartbeat, Blood pressure) medulla oblongata connect brain spinal cord(It carries signals from the brain to the rest of the body) Pons • Pons, brain To spinal cord, Pons, unconscious processes - Sleep-wake cycle, breathing, motor activity, sensation, eye movement, hearing, taste, It manages pain signals Cerebellum- same level as your ears.( 10% cerebellum-50% neuron) Motor skills such as balance, coordination, and posture ✓The coordination, precision, and timing of movements ✓Motor learning, Driving ✓Throwing a ball

9. Pankaj Sinha What makes up the spinal cord ? i . Dura mater. The outer layer protects your spinal cord from injury . ii. Arachnoid mater. The middle layer between the epidural and subarachnoid space. iii. Pia mater. The inner layer that covers your spinal cord. (epidural space is between the dura mater and arachnoid mater. This space is where healthcare providers insert anesthesia during childbirth, known as epidurals. The subarachnoid space is between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater.)

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13. Pankaj Sinha Front Middle Hind cerebrum Thalamus Hypothalamus cerebellum Medulla Oblongata Pons 66% Outside knowledge sleep, wakefulness consciousness learning memory Love,Thirst,Sweat Balance walking /standing movement speech intelligence emotion Temperature Heart rate Hunger H omeostasis Sleep wake cycle breathing Breathing Heart rhythms BP swallowing. BRAIN Eye Movement Pupil dilation Male-1400gm Female-1100gm 100Billion- 10,000 Crore 15Billion-activated-15cr 1B-100 cr

14. 31 pairs:  8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal . 12pairs The corpus callosum linking the cerebral cortex of the left and right cerebral hemispheres. It is the largest white matter tract in the brain.

15. Pankaj Sinha 1)The longest and widest single nerve in the human body is the sciatic nerve 2)N erve cells do not undergo the process of cell division. 3)The fastest signal transmission in the human body occurs by alpha motor neurons. 4)The slowest signal transmission in the human body occurs within the skin. he human nervous system starts to shrink as we grow older. The human brain also shrinks with the age of an individual, which shrinks 5)The brain uses more of the body’s energy than the rest of the organs, using over 20% of the energy reserves in the body. 6)Some neurons have an insulating layer known as the myelin sheath. 7)Involuntary reflexes are not controlled by your brain. They are controlled by a reflex arc. 8)Males have more grey matter, while females have more white matter. 9)The optic nerve crosses over in the brain. This means that the right optic nerve crosses to the left side of the brain and vice versa. 10)The bowel is controlled by a separate part of the nervous system known as the enteric nervous system. It regulates digestion and bowel movements. 11)Glial cells are support cells for neurons. They can make myelin to surround part of the neuron. They can also get rid of microbes and help supply nutrients to the neurons.

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