network-nhgjdhfdhfhrthrthgrtger2 (2).pptx

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1. Network Class Addresses in IPv4 Network class addresses categorize IPv4 addresses into  Class A, B, C, D, and E  based on the leading bits of the first octet. This classification determines the default division between the network and host portions of the address, influencing subnet masks and network size. First octet range : 0.0.0.0 to 127.255.255.255. Leading bits : 0 (first bit is 0). Subnet Mask : 255.0.0.0 (CIDR /8). Use : Large networks. The first octet is the network ID, and the remaining three octets (24 bits) support ~16 million hosts per network

2. Class B : First octet range : 128.0.0.0 to 191.255.255.255. Leading bits : 10 (first two bits). Subnet Mask : 255.255.0.0 (CIDR /16). Use : Medium networks. The first two octets (16 bits) define the network, allowing ~65,000 hosts per network. Class C : First octet range : 192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.255. Leading bits : 110 (first three bits). Subnet Mask : 255.255.255.0 (CIDR /24). Use : Small networks. The first three octets (24 bits) are the network ID, supporting 254 hosts per network.

3. Class D : Range : 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255. Purpose : Reserved for multicast groups (e.g., streaming video). Class E : Range : 240.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255. Purpose : Experimental/reserved use Private Address Ranges: Class A : 10.0.0.0/8. Class B : 172.16.0.0/12 (subnets 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.0.0). Class C : 192.168.0.0/16

4. Limitations of Classful Addressing: Inefficiency : Fixed subnet masks led to wasted addresses (e.g., a Class B network for 1,000 hosts wastes ~64,000 addresses). Modern Replacement :  CIDR (Classless Inter-Domain Routing)  introduced in 1993, enabling variable-length subnet masks (VLSM) for flexible allocation . While network classes laid the foundation for IPv4 addressing, CIDR and classless addressing are now standard for efficient IP allocation. Understanding classes remains crucial for legacy systems and foundational networking concepts.

5. CIDR (Classless Inter-Domain Routing)  CIDR (Classless Inter-Domain Routing) introduced in 1993, enabling variable-length subnet masks (VLSM) for flexible allocation. is a method for allocating IP addresses and IP routing that improves upon the traditional class-based system. Introduced in 1993, it allows for more efficient use of IP address space . Benefits: Efficient IP Address Utilization : Reduces waste of IP addresses by allowing networks to be sized according to actual needs. Simplified Routing : Reduces the number of routes that routers need to handle, improving performance and efficiency. Scalability : Supports the growth of networks without the constraints of traditional classful addressing.

6. To subnet the  Class C address 192.168.10.0/24  into smaller subnets for  8 hosts ,  23 hosts , and  9 hosts , we’ll use  VLSM (Variable-Length Subnet Masking)  to minimize wasted IP space. Here’s the optimized allocation : Subnet Required Hosts Host Bits Needed Subnet Mask Addresses per Subnet Subnet1 23 5 bits (2⁵−2=30) /27 32 addresses Subnet2 9 4 bits (2⁴−2=14) /28 16 addresses Subnet3 8 4 bits (2⁴−2=14) /28 16 addresses Step 1: Determine Host Requirements

7. Step 2: Subnet Allocation 1. Subnet1: 23 Hosts (Largest Requirement) Network Address : 192.168.10.0/27 Subnet Mask : 255.255.255.224 (CIDR /27) Usable Host Range : 192.168.10.1 to 192.168.10.30 Broadcast Address : 192.168.10.31 Total Addresses : 32 (30 usable hosts 2.Subnet2: 9 Hosts Next Available Block : Starts at 192.168.10.32 Network Address : 192.168.10.32/28 Subnet Mask : 255.255.255.240 (CIDR /28) Usable Host Range : 192.168.10.33 to 192.168.10.46 Broadcast Address : 192.168.10.47 Total Addresses : 16 (14 usable hosts ).

8. 3. Subnet3: 8 Hosts Next Available Block : Starts at 192.168.10.48 Network Address : 192.168.10.48/28 Subnet Mask : 255.255.255.240 (CIDR /28) Usable Host Range : 192.168.10.49 to 192.168.10.62 Broadcast Address : 192.168.10.63 Total Addresses : 16 (14 usable hosts).

9. Example 1: Class B Address (172.16.0.0/16) Requirements : Subnet for  500 hosts ,  200 hosts , and  100 hosts . Step 1: Calculate Host Bits Subnet Hosts Needed Host Bits (2ⁿ−2 ≥ Hosts) Subnet Mask Addresses per Subnet Subnet1 500 9 bits  (512−2=510) /23 512 addresses Subnet2 200 8 bits  (256−2=254) /24 256 addresses Subnet3 100 7 bits  (128−2=126) /25 128 addresses

10. Step 2: Subnet Allocation Subnet1 (500 hosts) : Network : 172.16.0.0/23 Subnet Mask : 255.255.254.0 Host Range : 172.16.0.1 – 172.16.1.254 Broadcast : 172.16.1.255 2. Subnet2 (200 hosts) : Next Block : Start at 172.16.2.0 Network : 172.16.2.0/24 Subnet Mask : 255.255.255.0 Host Range : 172.16.2.1 – 172.16.2.254 Broadcast : 172.16.2.255

11. 3. Subnet3 (100 hosts) : Next Block : Start at 172.16.3.0 Network : 172.16.3.0/25 Subnet Mask : 255.255.255.128 Host Range : 172.16.3.1 – 172.16.3.126 Broadcast : 172.16.3.127 Remaining Space: 172.16.3.128 – 172.16.255.255 (over 65,000 addresses for future use).

12. Example 2: Class A Address (10.0.0.0/8) Requirements : Subnet for  10,000 hosts ,  5,000 hosts , and  2,000 hosts . Step 1: Calculate Host Bits Subnet Hosts Needed Host Bits (2ⁿ−2 ≥ Hosts) Subnet Mask Addresses per Subnet Subnet1 10,000 14 bits  (16,384−2) /18 16,384 addresses Subnet2 5,000 13 bits  (8,192−2) /19 8,192 addresses Subnet3 2,000 11 bits  (2,048−2) /21 2,048 addresses

13. Step 2: Subnet Allocation Subnet1 (10,000 hosts) : Network : 10.0.0.0/18 Subnet Mask : 255.255.192.0 Host Range : 10.0.0.1 – 10.0.63.254 Broadcast : 10.0.63.255 2. Subnet2 (5,000 hosts) : Next Block : Start at 10.0.64.0 Network : 10.0.64.0/19 Subnet Mask : 255.255.224.0 Host Range : 10.0.64.1 – 10.0.95.254 Broadcast : 10.0.95.255

14. 3. Subnet3 (2,000 hosts) : Next Block : Start at 10.0.96.0 Network : 10.0.96.0/21 Subnet Mask : 255.255.248.0 Host Range : 10.0.96.1 – 10.0.103.254 Broadcast : 10.0.103.255 Remaining Space: 10.0.104.0 – 10.255.255.255 (massive space for expansion).