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1. The Use of Synchronous Chopping Technique in High-Frequency Precision Sensing Presented By: Rami Abdulrazzaq Aboud AlDulaimi Supervisor: Dr. Mohamad Rahal

2. Outline Introduction Literature Review Methodology Results and Discussions Conclusion Future Work 2

3. Chopping Techniques in High-Frequency Precision Sensing 3

4. Synchronous Detection in High-Frequency Precision Sensing A technique to extract a signal from a noisy environment by synchronizing detection with a reference signal. Utilizes a reference signal that is in phase with the input signal for precise measurement. How It Works: Reference Signal: A reference signal (often a square wave) is generated at the same frequency as the input signal. Mixing: The input signal is mixed with the reference signal. Filtering: The resulting signal is filtered to remove high-frequency components, isolating the desired signal. Applications: Widely used in applications like communications, signal processing, and instrumentation. Advantages: High immunity to noise and interference. Enhanced detection of weak signals. 4

5. O to Zero Chopping Technique in High-Frequency Precision Sensing 5

6. Bioimpedance Bioimpedance is the measurement of the opposition of biological tissues to the flow of an electric current. It involves applying a small alternating current to the body and measuring the resulting voltage drop. Principles: Current Injection: A small AC current is injected into the body through surface electrodes. Voltage Measurement: The voltage drop is measured across the tissues, reflecting the impedance. Frequency Dependency: Bioimpedance varies with frequency, providing information about different tissue properties. Applications: Body Composition Analysis: Determining fat, muscle, and water content in the body. Cardiac Monitoring: Assessing cardiac output and fluid status. Respiratory Monitoring: Measuring changes in thoracic impedance to monitor breathing. Cancer Detection: Differentiating between healthy and malignant tissues based on their impedance characteristics. Advantages: Non-invasive and safe. Real-time monitoring capabilities. Useful for a wide range of clinical and research applications. 6

7. Importance of High-Frequency Precision Sensing 7

8. Problems and Limitations 8

9. Objectives of Study 9

10. Comparison Study Technique Key Features Advantages Limitations Synchronous Chopping Modulation and demodulation with carrier signal High SNR, effective noise reduction Requires precise synchronization Lock-In Amplification Reference signal, mixing, low-pass filtering Excellent for extracting weak signals Limited to specific frequency ranges Phase-Locked Loop (PLL) Phase synchronization, feedback control Precise frequency tracking Sensitive to phase noise Heterodyne Detection Frequency conversion, intermediate frequency Simplifies high-frequency signal processing May introduce image frequency interference 10

11. Applications and Case Studies (1/2) Cancellation of Amplifier Offset and 1 /f Noise: An Improved Chopper Stabilized Technique [21] A CMOS Chopper Offset-Stabilized Op-Amp [22] 11

12. Applications and Case Studies (2/2) Circuit Techniques for Reducing the Effects of Op-Amp Imperfections: Autozeroing, Correlated Double Sampling, and Chopper Stabilization [23] A Chopping and Doubly-Fed Adjustable Speed System Without Bi-directional Converter [24] 12

13. Implementation of Synchronous Chopping Technique 13

14. Data Collection, Analysis, and Validation Methods 14

15. Initial Findings 15

16. Performance Analysis of Synchronous Chopping Technique 16

17. Comparison with Alternative Techniques 17

18. Comparison with Alternative Techniques 18

19. Comparison Summary 19

20. Conclusion 20

21. Future Work 21

22. Thank you 22