Newspapers History & Function

Contents
First newspapers
Dutch Republic
British newspapers
North America
German states
India

1. Newspapers Notes By : Ashish Richhariya Course : FTNMP / BMM Designation : Faculty at Thakur College Of Science & Commerce Query : [email protected]

2. Contents Meaning Timeline of Newspaper Invention and History Etymology Category of Newspapers Organization and personnel Circulation and readership Zoned and other editions Format Advertising Journalism Applications Regulations Newspaper in India Important tool in mass media . Thakur College Of Science & Commerce, Mumbai

3. A  newspaper  is a periodical publication containing written information about current events and is often typed in black ink with a white or gray background. Newspapers can cover a wide variety of fields such as politics, business, sports and art, and often include materials such as opinion columns, weather forecasts, reviews of local services, obituaries, birth notices, crosswords, editorial cartoons, comic strips, and advice columns. Most newspapers are businesses, and they pay their expenses with a mixture of subscription revenue, newsstand sales, and advertising revenue. The journalism organizations that publish newspapers are themselves often metonymically called newspapers. Newspapers developed in the 17th century, as information sheets for merchants. By the early 19th century, many cities in Europe, as well as North and South America, published newspapers. Some newspapers with high editorial independence, high journalism quality, and large circulation are viewed as newspapers of record. Thakur College Of Science & Commerce, Mumbai

4. Newspapers are typically published daily or weekly. News magazines are also weekly, but they have a magazine format. General-interest newspapers typically publish news articles and feature articles on national and international news as well as local news. The news includes political events and personalities, business and finance, crime, weather, and natural disasters; health and medicine, science, and computers and technology; sports; and entertainment, society, food and cooking, clothing and home fashion, and the arts. Most traditional papers also feature an editorial page containing editorials written by an editor (or by the paper's editorial board) and expressing an opinion on a public issue, opinion articles called "op- eds " written by guest writers, and columns that express the personal opinions of columnists, usually offering analysis and synthesis that attempts to translate the raw data of the news into information telling the reader "what it all means" and persuading them to concur. Papers also include articles which have no byline; these articles are written by staff writers. Thakur College Of Science & Commerce, Mumbai

5. A wide variety of material has been published in newspapers. Besides the mentioned news, information and opinions, they include weather forecasts; criticism and reviews of the arts and of local services such as restaurants; obituaries, birth notices and graduation announcements; entertainment features such as crosswords, horoscopes, editorial cartoons, gag cartoons, and comic strips; advice columns, food, and other columns; and radio and television listings (program schedules). As of 2017, newspapers may also provide information about new movies and TV shows available on streaming video services like Netflix. Newspapers have classified ad sections where people and businesses can buy small advertisements to sell goods or services; as of 2013, the huge increase in Internet websites for selling goods, such as Craigslist and eBay has led to significantly less classified ad sales for newspapers. Most newspapers are businesses, and they pay their expenses with a mixture of subscription revenue, newsstand sales, and advertising revenue . Some newspapers are government-run or at least government-funded; their reliance on advertising revenue and on profitability is less critical to their survival. The editorial independence of a newspaper is thus always subject to the interests of someone, whether owners, advertisers, or a government. Some newspapers with high editorial independence, high journalism quality, and large circulation are viewed as newspapers of record. Thakur College Of Science & Commerce, Mumbai

6. Many newspapers, besides employing journalists on their own payrolls, also subscribe to news agencies (wire services) (such as the Associated Press, Reuters, or  Agence France- Presse ), which employ journalists to find, assemble, and report the news, then sell the content to the various newspapers. This is a way to avoid duplicating the expense of reporting from around the world. Circa 2005, there were approximately 6,580 daily newspaper titles in the world selling 395 million print copies a day. The late 2000s–early 2010s global recession, combined with the rapid growth of free web-based alternatives, has helped cause a decline in advertising and circulation, as many papers had to retrench operations to stanch the losses. Worldwide annual revenue approached $100 billion in 2005-2007, then plunged during the worldwide financial crisis of 2008-2009. Revenue in 2016 fell to only $53 billion, hurting every major publisher as their efforts to gain online income fell far short of the goal. Thakur College Of Science & Commerce, Mumbai

7. The decline in advertising revenues affected both the print and online media as well as all other mediums; print advertising was once lucrative but has greatly declined, and the prices of online advertising are often lower than those of their print precursors. Besides remodeling advertising, the internet (especially the web) has also challenged the business models of the print-only era by crowd sourcing both publishing in general (sharing information with others) and, more specifically, journalism (the work of finding, assembling, and reporting the news). In addition, the rise of  news aggregators , which bundle linked articles from many online newspapers and other sources, influences the flow of web traffic. Increasing pay walling of online newspapers may be counteracting those effects. The oldest newspaper still published is the  Ordinari Post Tijdender , which was established in Stockholm in 1645. Thakur College Of Science & Commerce, Mumbai

8. Meaning of Newspaper. Another definition according to Merriam – Webster dictionary states : A paper that is printed and distributed usually daily or weekly and that contains news, articles of opinion, features, and advertising. According to the Collins Dictionary :- A  newspaper  is a publication consisting of a number of large sheets of folded paper, on which news, advertisements, and other information is printed. Thakur College Of Science & Commerce, Mumbai

9. Invention The German-language Relation Aller Fürnemmen und gedenckwürdigen Historien , printed from 1605 onwards by Johann Carolus in Strasbourg, is often recognized as the first newspaper. Thakur College Of Science & Commerce, Mumbai

10. History : Gazettes and bulletins In Ancient Rome,  Acta Diurna , or government announcement bulletins, were produced. They were carved in metal or stone and posted in public places. In China, early government-produced news-sheets, called  Dibao , circulated among court officials during the late Han dynasty (second and third centuries AD). Between 713 and 734, the  Kaiyuan Za Bao  ("Bulletin of the Court") of the Chinese Tang Dynasty published government news; it was handwritten on silk and read by government officials. In 1582, there was the first reference to privately published newssheets in Beijing, during the late Ming Dynasty. In early modern Europe, the increased cross-border interaction created a rising need for information which was met by concise handwritten news-sheets. In 1556, the government of Venice first published the monthly  notizie scritte , which cost one  gazette , a small coin. These avvisi were handwritten newsletters and used to convey political, military, and economic news quickly and efficiently to Italian cities (1500–1700)—sharing some characteristics of newspapers though usually not considered true newspapers. Thakur College Of Science & Commerce, Mumbai

11. Newspapers : Europe The first mechanical, movable type printing that allowed the mass production of printed books was invented by Johann Gutenberg. In the 50 years after Gutenberg started printing, an estimated 500,000 books were in circulation, printed on about 1,000 presses across the continent. Gutenberg's invention was a simple device, but it launched a revolution marked by repeated advances in technology and, as a result, a popularization of the ideals of liberty and freedom of information exchange. The emergence of the new media in the 17th century has to be seen in close connection with the spread of the printing press from which the publishing press derives its name. The German-language  Relation aller Fürnemmen Historien , printed from 1605 onwards by Johann Carolus  in Strasbourg, is often recognized as the first newspaper. At the time, Strasbourg was a  free imperial city  in the Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation; the first newspaper of modern Germany was the  Avisa , published in 1609 in Wolfenbüttel . Thakur College Of Science & Commerce, Mumbai

12. America In Boston in 1690, Benjamin Harris published  Publick Occurrences Both Forreign and Domestick . This is considered the first newspaper in the American colonies even though only one edition was published before the paper was suppressed by the government. In 1704, the governor allowed  The Boston News-Letter  to be published and it became the first continuously published newspaper in the colonies. Soon after, weekly papers began being published in New York and Philadelphia. These early newspapers followed the British format and were usually four pages long. They mostly carried news from Britain and content depended on the editor's interests. In 1783, the  Pennsylvania Evening Post  became the first American daily. In 1752, John Bushell  published the  Halifax Gazette , which claims to be "Canada's first newspaper." However, its official descendant, the  Royal Gazette , is a government publication for legal notices and proclamations rather than a proper newspaper. In 1764, the  Quebec Gazette  was first printed 21 June 1764 and remains the oldest continuously published newspaper in North America as the  Quebec Chronicle-Telegraph . Thakur College Of Science & Commerce, Mumbai

13. Industrial Revolution By the early 19th century, many cities in Europe, as well as North and South America, published newspaper-type publications though not all of them developed in the same way; content was vastly shaped by regional and cultural preferences. Advances in printing technology related to the Industrial Revolution enabled newspapers to become an even more widely circulated means of communication, as new printing technologies made printing less expensive and more efficient. In 1814,  The Times  (London) acquired a printing press capable of making 1,100 impressions per hour. Soon, this press was adapted to print on both sides of a page at once. This innovation made newspapers cheaper and thus available to a larger part of the population. In 1830, the first inexpensive "penny press" newspaper came to the market: Lynde M. Walter's Boston  Transcript . Penny press papers cost about one sixth the price of other newspapers and appealed to a wider audience, including less educated and lower-income people. In France,  Émile de Girardin  started "La Presse " in 1836, introducing cheap, advertising-supported dailies to France. In 1848,  August Zang , an Austrian who knew Girardin in Paris, returned to Vienna to introduce the same methods with "Die Presse ”. Thakur College Of Science & Commerce, Mumbai

14. Modern newspapers since 1800 In 1814,  The Times  acquired a printing press capable of making 1,100 impressions per hour. [ It was soon adapted to print on both sides of a page at once. This innovation made newspapers cheaper and thus available to a larger part of the population. In 1830, the first penny press newspaper came to the market: Lynde M. Walter's Boston  Transcript . Penny press papers cost about one-sixth the price of other newspapers and appealed to a wider audience.  Newspaper editors exchanged copies and freely reprinted material. By the late 1840s telegraph networks linked major and minor cities and permitted overnight news reporting. The invention of wood pulp papermaking in the 1840s significantly reduced the cost of newsprint, having previously been made from rags. Increasing literacy in the 19th century also increased the size of newspapers' audiences. Thakur College Of Science & Commerce, Mumbai

15. Categories Most newspapers are aimed at a broad spectrum of readers, usually geographically defined, some focus on groups of readers defined more by their interests than their location. For example, there are daily and weekly business newspapers (e.g.,  The Wall Street Journal and India Today ) and sports newspapers. More specialist still are some weekly newspapers, usually free and distributed within limited regional areas. These may serve communities as specific as certain immigrant populations, the local gay community or indie rock enthusiasts within a city or region. Thakur College Of Science & Commerce, Mumbai

16. Based on Frequency - Daily A   daily newspaper  is printed every day, sometimes with the exception of Sundays and occasionally Saturdays, (and some major holidays) and often of some national holidays. Saturday and, where they exist, Sunday editions of daily newspapers tend to be larger, include more specialized sections (e.g., on arts, films, entertainment) and advertising inserts, and cost more. Typically , the majority of these newspapers' staff members work Monday to Friday, so the Sunday and Monday editions largely depend on content done in advance or content that is syndicated. Most daily newspapers are sold in the morning . Afternoon or evening papers, once common but now scarce, are aimed more at commuters and office workers. A morning newspaper is available in early editions from before midnight on the night before its cover date, further editions being printed and distributed during the night. The later editions can include breaking news which was first revealed that day, after the morning edition was already printed. Thakur College Of Science & Commerce, Mumbai

17. Semi-Weekly Some newspapers are published two times a week and are known as semi-weekly publications. Tri - weekly As the name suggests, a triweekly publishes three times a week. The  Meridian Star  is an example of such a publication. Weekly Weekly newspapers are published once a week, and tend to be smaller than daily papers. Bi - weekly Some publications are published, for example, fortnightly (or biweekly in American parlance). They have a change from normal weekly day of the week during the Christmas period depending the day of the week Christmas Day is falling on. Thakur College Of Science & Commerce, Mumbai

18. Based on Geographical scope and distribution Local or regional A  local newspaper  serves a region such as a city, or part of a large city. Almost every market has one or two newspapers that dominate the area. Large metropolitan newspapers often have large distribution networks, and can be found outside their normal area, sometimes widely, sometimes from fewer sources. National Most nations have at least one newspaper that circulates throughout the whole country: a  national newspaper . Some national newspapers, such as the  Financial Times  and  The Wall Street Journal , are specialised (in these examples, on financial matters). There are many national newspapers in the United Kingdom, but only a few in the United States and Canada. In Canada,  The Globe and Mail  is sold throughout the country. In the United States, in addition to national newspapers as such,  The New York Times  is available throughout the country Thakur College Of Science & Commerce, Mumbai

19. International newspapers . There is also a small group of newspapers which may be characterized as  international newspapers . Some, such as  The New York Times International Edition , (formerly The International Herald Tribune) have always had that focus, while others are repackaged national newspapers or "international editions" of national or large metropolitan newspapers. In some cases, articles that might not interest the wider range of readers are omitted from international editions; in others, of interest to expatriates, significant national news is retained. As English became the international language of business and technology, many newspapers formerly published only in non-English languages have also developed English-language editions. In places as varied as Jerusalem and Mumbai, newspapers are printed for a local and international English-speaking public, and for tourists. The advent of the Internet has also allowed non-English-language newspapers to put out a scaled-down English version to give their newspaper a global outreach. Similarly, in many countries with a large foreign-language-speaking population or many tourists, newspapers in languages other than the national language are both published locally and imported. For example, newspapers and magazines from many countries, and locally published newspapers in many languages, are readily to be found on news-stands in central London. In the US state of Florida, so many tourists from the French-speaking Canadian province of Quebec visit for long stays during the winter ("snowbirds") that some newsstands and stores sell French-language newspapers such as  Le Droit . Thakur College Of Science & Commerce, Mumbai

20. Based on Subject matter General newspapers cover all topics, with different emphasis. While at least mentioning all topics, some might have good coverage of international events of importance; others might concentrate more on national or local entertainment or sports. Specialised newspapers might concentrate more specifically on, for example, financial matters. There are publications covering exclusively sports, or certain sports, horse-racing, theatre, and so on, although they may no longer be called newspapers. Thakur College Of Science & Commerce, Mumbai

21. Based on Technology Print For centuries newspapers were printed on paper and supplied physically to readers either by local distribution, or in some cases by mail, for example for British expatriates living in India or Hong Kong who subscribed to British newspapers . Newspapers can be delivered to subscribers homes and/or businesses by a paper's own delivery people, sent via the mail, sold at newsstands, grocery stores and convenience stores, and delivered to libraries and bookstores. Newspaper organizations need a large distribution system to deliver their papers to these different distributors, which typically involves delivery trucks and delivery people. In recent years, newspapers and other media have adapted to the changing technology environment by starting to offer online editions to cater to the needs of the public. The trend towards more electronic delivery of the news will continue with more emphasis on the Internet, social media and other electronic delivery methods. However, while the method of delivery is changing, the newspaper and the industry still has a niche in the world. Thakur College Of Science & Commerce, Mumbai

22. Online As of 2007, virtually all major printed newspapers have online editions distributed over the Internet which, depending on the country may be regulated by journalism organizations such as the Press Complaints Commission in the UK. But as some publishers find their print-based models increasingly unsustainable, Web-based "newspapers" have also started to appear, such as the  Southport Reporter  in the UK and the  Seattle Post-Intelligencer , which stopped publishing in print after 149 years in March 2009 and became an online-only paper . Since 2005 in the UK more than 200 regional newspapers have closed down resulting in 50% decline in the number of regional journalists. A 2016 study done by King's College London found that the towns which lost their local newspapers receded from the democratic values and experienced the loss of public faith in the authorities . A new trend in newspaper publishing is the introduction of personalization through on-demand printing technologies or with online news aggregator websites like Google news. Thakur College Of Science & Commerce, Mumbai

23. Organization and personnel In small newspapers, the owner of the publication (or the largest shareholder in the corporation that owns the publication) is usually the publisher. Although he or she rarely or perhaps never writes stories, the publisher is legally responsible for the contents of the entire newspaper and also runs the business, including hiring editors, reporters, and other staff members. Most newspapers have four main departments devoted to publishing the newspaper itself—editorial, production/printing, circulation, and advertising. For small newspapers, a single editor may be responsible for all content areas. At large newspapers, the most senior editor is in overall charge of the publication, while less senior editors may each focus on one subject area, such as local news or sports . These divisions are called news bureaus or "desks", and each is supervised by a designated editor. Most newspaper editors copy edit the stories for their part of the newspaper, but they may share their workload with proofreaders and fact checkers. Thakur College Of Science & Commerce, Mumbai

24. Reporters are journalists who primarily report facts that they have gathered and those who write longer, less news-oriented articles may be called feature writers . Photographers and graphic artists provide images and illustrations to support articles. Journalists often specialize in a subject area, called a beat, such as sports, religion, or science. Columnists are journalists who write regular articles recounting their personal opinions and experiences.  Printers  and press operators physically print the newspaper. Printing is outsourced by many newspapers, partly because of the cost of an offset web press (the most common kind of press used to print newspapers) and also because a small newspaper's print run might require less than an hour of operation, meaning that if the newspaper had its own press it would sit idle most of the time. Thakur College Of Science & Commerce, Mumbai

25. The staff of the circulation department liaise with retailers who sell the newspaper; sell subscriptions; and supervise distribution of the printed newspapers through the mail, by newspaper carriers, at retailers, and through vending machines.  Free newspapers do not sell subscriptions, but they still have a circulation department responsible for distributing the newspapers. Sales staff in the advertising department not only sell ad space to clients such as local businesses, but also help clients design and plan their advertising campaigns. Other members of the advertising department may include graphic designers, who design ads according to the customers' specifications and the department's policies. In an advertising-free newspaper, there is no advertising department. Thakur College Of Science & Commerce, Mumbai

26. Zoned and other editions Newspapers often refine distribution of ads and news through zoning and editioning . Zoning occurs when advertising and editorial content change to reflect the location to which the product is delivered. The editorial content often may change merely to reflect changes in advertising—the quantity and layout of which affects the space available for editorial—or may contain region-specific news. Thakur College Of Science & Commerce, Mumbai

27. Circulation and readership The number of copies distributed, either on an average day or on particular days (typically Sunday), is called the newspaper's circulation and is one of the principal factors used to set advertising rates. Circulation is not necessarily the same as copies sold, since some copies or newspapers are distributed without cost. Readership figures may be higher than circulation figures because many copies are read by more than one person, although this is offset by the number of copies distributed but not read (especially for those distributed free). In the United States, the Alliance for Audited Media maintains historical and current data on average circulation of daily and weekly newspapers and other periodicals. According to the  Guinness Book of Records , the daily circulation of the Soviet newspaper  Trud  exceeded 21,500,000 in 1990, while the Soviet weekly  Argumenty i Fakty  boasted a circulation of 33,500,000 in 1991. According to United Nations data from 1995 Japan has three daily papers—the  Yomiuri Shimbun ,  Asahi Shimbun , and  Mainichi Shimbun —with circulations well above 5.5 million. Germany's  Bild , with a circulation of 3.8 million, was the only other paper in that category .. Thakur College Of Science & Commerce, Mumbai

28. While paid readership of print newspapers has been steadily declining in the developed OECD nations, it has been rising in the chief developing nations (Brazil, India, Indonesia, China and South Africa), whose paid daily circulation exceeded those of the developed nations for the first time in 2008. In India, The Times of India  is the largest-circulation English newspaper, with 3.14 million copies daily. According to the 2009 Indian Readership Survey, the  Dainik Jagran  is the most-read, local-language (Hindi) newspaper, with 55.7 million readers. According to Tom Standage  of  The Economist , India currently has daily newspaper circulation of 110 million copies In the 1920s, on a national basis in the U.S., daily newspapers achieved market penetration of 123 percent (meaning the average U.S. household received 1.23 newspapers). As other media began to compete with newspapers, and as printing became easier and less expensive giving rise to a greater diversity of publications, market penetration began to decline. It wasn't until the early 1970s, however, that market penetration dipped below 100 percent. By 2000, it was 53 percent and still falling. Thakur College Of Science & Commerce, Mumbai

29. Many paid-for newspapers offer a variety of subscription plans. For example, someone might want only a Sunday paper, or perhaps only Sunday and Saturday, or maybe only a workweek subscription, or perhaps a daily subscription. Most newspapers provide some or all of their content on the Internet, either at no cost or for a fee. In some cases, free access is available only for a matter of days or weeks, or for a certain number of viewed articles, after which readers must register and provide personal data. In other cases, free archives are provided. Subscription Plans Thakur College Of Science & Commerce, Mumbai

30. Journalism Newspapers began as a journal (record of current events), the profession involved in the making of newspapers began to be called journalism . In the yellow journalism era of the 19th century, many newspapers in the United States relied on sensational stories that were meant to anger or excite the public, rather than to inform. The restrained style of reporting that relies on fact checking and accuracy regained popularity around World War II. Criticism of journalism is varied and sometimes vehement. Credibility is questioned because of anonymous sources; errors in facts, spelling, and grammar; real or perceived bias; and scandals involving plagiarism and fabrication . In the past, newspapers have often been owned by so-called press barons, and were used for gaining a political voice. After 1920 most major newspapers became parts of chains run by large media corporations such as Gannett, The McClatchy Company, Hearst Corporation, Cox Enterprises, Landmark Media Enterprises LLC,  Morris Communications , The Tribune Company, Hollinger International, News Corporation, Swift Communications, etc. Whistle-blowers , and those who "leak" stories of corruption in political circles often choose to inform newspapers before other mediums of communication, relying on the perceived willingness of newspaper editors to expose the secrets and lies of those who would rather cover them. Thakur College Of Science & Commerce, Mumbai

31. Advertising A newspaper typically generates 70–80% of its revenue from advertising, and the remainder from sales and subscriptions. The portion of the newspaper that is not advertising is called  editorial content ,  editorial matter , or simply  editorial , although the last term is also used to refer specifically to those articles in which the newspaper and its guest writers express their opinions. The business model of having advertising subsidize the cost of printing and distributing newspapers rather than having subscribers cover the full cost was first done, it seems, in 1833 by  The Sun , a daily paper that was published in New York City. Rather than charging 6 cents per copy, the price of a typical New York daily at the time, they charged 1-cent, and depended on advertising to make up the difference Thakur College Of Science & Commerce, Mumbai

32. Newspapers in India The first newspaper in India was published on  29 January, 1780  by  James Augustus Hicky   under the British Raj and its name was  ‘The Bengal Gazette’ . It was also called as  ‘Calcutta General Advertiser’  and people simply remember it as  ‘ Hicky’s Gazette’. It was very small two sheet weekly newspaper. And the paper was filled with lots of advertisements with the name- The Calcutta General Advertiser. In fact, its front page was filled with advertisements only.  After few months of Hicky’s paper Messer B Messinck and Peter Read brought out the ‘Indian Gazette’  in  November 1780 . Many other newspapers were also started, namely Calcutta Gazette (1784), The Bengal Journal (1785 ). In   1785 , Richard Johnson in Madras brought out  ‘Madras Courier’  in English language. R. William’s  ‘Madras Gazette’  in  1795  and Humphrey’s  ‘India Herald’  in  1796. In Bombay first newspaper was ‘Bombay Herald’ in 1789‘, Bombay Courier’ in 1789 and ‘Bombay Gazette’  in  1791 . Thakur College Of Science & Commerce, Mumbai

33. Golden Era of newspaper in India In the late  18th  and early  19th  century, no reputed journalist or newspaper emerged. Then some merchants of Calcutta in  1811  started  ‘Calcutta Chronicle’  and the editor was James Silk Buckingham. He had introduced a new approach to Journalism in India. He initiated clear journalistic practices and covered the problems of local people and their lives. Even he had started a movement against the evil practice of ‘Sati ’. Raja Ram Mohan Roy  a social reformer recognized the power of newspapers and started a Bengali newspaper  ‘ Sambad Kaumudi ’  in  1822  and a Persian paper ‘Mirat-ul-Akhbar ’  in  1822 . Fardaonji Murzban in 1822 started  ‘Bombay Samachar ’ , he was a pioneer of the Vernacular Press in Bombay . 3 November, 1838  - The Times of India   issued its first edition as  The Bombay Times and   Journal of Commerce.  Thakur College Of Science & Commerce, Mumbai

34. 1857 is known as the year of the emergence of journalism in India In 1857, newspapers owned by Indians and British were divided and the government passed  the Vernacular Press Act in 1876 . 1861   The first edition of The Times of India  was published by Robert Knight . Up to 1947 this newspaper continued to support the causes of Britishers . Now , more than 150 years of service Times of India has grown the biggest English daily in the country.  Thakur College Of Science & Commerce, Mumbai

35. 1868  -  ' Amrit Bazaar Patrika '  was started by two brothers, Shishir Kumar Ghosh and Motilal Ghosh . This was the time when social reformers and political leaders had started contributing to the field of journalism, including C.Y. Chintamani , N. C. Kelkar , Ferozeshah Mehta were prominent. 1878  -  "The Hindu"  was started in the English language, which was mainly distributed in Tamil Nadu and Kerala. In newspapers, many changes took place after Independence. Even the working style of journalists changed. After independence, most of the newspapers brought into the hands of Indians. News agency services became available on a regular basis with the Press Trust of India  which was started in  1946. Now missionary phase of newspaper was replaced with a professional approach. It started provided employment to the public and so, the newspaper agency became profit-oriented . Various technological developments took place , it involved in a readership battle, literacy level rises, interest to know what is happening in the surrounding made grow newspaper.  Thakur College Of Science & Commerce, Mumbai

36. Role of Newspapers - During the British rule Indian newspaper came into existence and played an important role in the country’s freedom struggle. In fact newspaper worked as ‘mouth pieces’ of the freedom struggle whether at the national and regional level.  -  Bal Gangadhar Tilak  brought  Kesari  and  Mahratta   newspaper. Mahatma Gandhi started   Young India  and  Harijan .  Jawaharlal Nehru  started the  National Herald. A fter Independence, Indian newspapers started playing the role of a  ‘ watchdog’ and also have been playing the role of catalytic agent to hasten the process of social and economic development in the country. However , Indian newspapers are characterised by their overt emphasis on politics and crime. But now, Indian newspapers have a lot of entertainment content in their columns, with colour pages and new designs. Thakur College Of Science & Commerce, Mumbai

37. From the trials of Tilak in 1897 and 1908, Mahatma Gandhi in 1922 , Vernacular Press Act of 1878, the Newspapers Incitement to offences Act of 1908, the Indian Press Act 1931, the Press Objectionable Matter Act of 1951, the Newspaper Price and Page Act of 1956 bear testimony of the suppressive and oppressive measures taken against the Indian newspapers . However, all these suppressions and oppression reached brutal heights during the  1975-77   Emergency regime of Indira Gandhi . But later the conditions of Press changed and reached to its zenith. Freedom of the press is a very important and also news-media, press enjoys greater freedom in a democratic country. Current scenario and future of newspaper  As television and the new media, internet emerges, it is said that newspapers are becoming irrelevant in terms of providing the latest news. But now a day’s many newspapers in India and in the world to some extent started providing analysis of news as well.  Daily newspapers like Times of India, The Hindu, Hindustan Times, The Statesman, Economic Times, The Tribune, Dainik Jagran , Dainik Bhaskar , Amar Ujala, etc. have become the most circulated newspapers in the country. Thakur College Of Science & Commerce, Mumbai

38. Role Of Newspapers In Education 1.Strengthens reading & writing skills . These are the best source of providing  good reading ability  as it makes readers active learners.  Reading newspaper  is a healthy activity for every individual & especially for students. As the time passes, they get full command on reading and vocabulary . Newspaper reading  also improves writing & reading skills of an individual as many difficult words come while reading a passage that might confuse a reader. Making a habit of reading newspaper daily increases the chances of better reading with good vocabulary . 2. Provides entertainment & sports news . A number of sporting events is organized from time to time in the country & across the nations. One can get all information about the list of players, which game is going on currently, medals tally, players ranking, who won which medal, the winners & the competitors, etc. News about the economic condition of a country, games & sports, trade, commerce & entertainment can be gained from newspapers. In short, newspaper gives us worldwide information. Thakur College Of Science & Commerce, Mumbai

39. 3. Best source of General knowledge . Knowledge coupled with a good expression sets a stage of success in any examination or competition in life.  Students easily get course related information through newspapers about recent discoveries & latest inventions. 4. Get up-to-date with politics . Man is a social animal. In order to live peacefully & comfortably in society, he needs to remain updated about what all is going on across the globe while sitting at a corner of house. Reading newspaper  enables us to remain well-informed about anything. It will be easy for those who ready daily to their extent. Newspaper carries information about politics, sports, general affairs & lot more. 5. Useful ideas about researches & projects . Students have to undergo a lot of researches & to deal with their school projects. And for this, they need to search for various ideas, creations & a better design. Not only ideas but news about many discoveries, launches & establishments are also published in newspapers there are really helpful in covering up projects. Thakur College Of Science & Commerce, Mumbai

40. 6. Improves Vocabulary Skills . At one page of newspaper, there comes a section where so many useful games like  Sudoku, puzzles, riddles, tongue twisters , etc are published. These types of mind games help in improving the vocabulary skills of children . Daily  reading of newspapers  enhances the vocabulary of students as they learn different words from there. They can note them down with their meanings. As good vocabulary helps in writing good essays & assignments in examinations . 7. Makes them a Good Speaker . Students get information about various topics with the help of newspaper. They become a good orator which further helps in taking active part in debates, speeches & discussions. When a student possesses knowledge about different topics, he/ she can be able to speak without any hesitation in front of others. This ultimately increases his/ her level of confidence. Thakur College Of Science & Commerce, Mumbai

41. Advantages of Reading Newspapers Newspaper is read by huge number of population, so news or information can be made available easily . Newspaper is not very expensive so anyone can buy newspaper . If anyone wants to publish advertisement or any useful information then he can publish easily in any size format or any page of newspaper . Reader can read news any time whenever he wish and able to read information again and again . Now a days newspaper is made available  directly to your house by many vendors, so no need to go and buy newspaper everyday . Newspaper is available in various languages so you can choose the newspaper of your choice . Newspapers are lighter in weight hence it is easy to carry anywhere you want . Almost all the latest news are covered in the newspaper which gives information about the latest trend going on in the world . You can also increase vocubulary and general knowledge by reading newspaper daily and regularly . Weather report, sports events, business news, local news as well as world news is available in newspaper . Thakur College Of Science & Commerce, Mumbai

42. Disadvantages of Reading Newspapers In some of the newspaper the advertisement space may be expensive . As the Internet, Television or Radio are used widely by many people , so advertisers prefer newspaper less for advertisement compared to Internet and other medias . Newspaper can be easily discarded once read, so less chances for advertiser to convert the advertisement into leads or sale . Competitors can easily see the price of your product and hence they quickly react to your prices . Sometimes in some newspaper the news which are shown are false.The news are even twisted and distorted . Sometimes poor printed image quality is seen in the newspaper. Thakur College Of Science & Commerce, Mumbai

43. Social aspects Newspapers play an important role in human life. The newspaper increases general knowledge of the people. They are two types of newspapers in India. Some papers cover the news of the entire county and some other papers are strictly confined to the local State's issues.  A newspaper brings out information about various job opportunities. It also provides the rate of commodities and other valuable information. Newspapers bring awareness about rights and duties of the citizen and they also help in doing justice to the needy. A newspaper supports the public and in fact people associated with newspaper work day and night for conveying information to the public. A newspaper is also a very effective medium to resolve problems that require the attention of local authorities. The public can write to the editor of the local paper about a problem within their locality and the concerned authorities will take measures to solve the problem. For example, if the road in Ramnagar is not in good condition, then any person in that locality can write to the editor, then the editor publishes it in the newspaper and concerned authorities will take measures to solve the problem. By this way, the newspaper becomes close to the people.  Thakur College Of Science & Commerce, Mumbai

44. Negative Impacts Expensive : In some or most of the newspapers the advertisement space may be expensive which prohibits people from advertising through the newspaper.  It is analogue : As the Internet, Television or Radio are used widely by many people , so advertisers prefer newspaper less for advertisement compared to Internet and other medias. It can easily be discarded : Newspaper can be easily discarded once read, so less chances for advertiser to convert the advertisement into leads or sale. Fake news:  In some cases, the news published in the newspapers especially on the front page could be wrong. The news are even twisted and distorted to create a bad impression of an individual or company. Newspapers are cumbersome to carry around : Newspapers are cumbersome to move and carry around because of their shape and lose pages. This makes it difficult to conveniently carry them from one place to another. Thakur College Of Science & Commerce, Mumbai

45. Exposes your strengths : Newspapers are available to all and sundry. This means that competitors can easily see the price of your product and hence they quickly react to your price which gives them a competitive advantage over your products. Poor quality : Newspapers sometimes come published with poorly printed text and images that can hardly be read or seen by readers. This makes it difficult to get the intended information because the news has already been published and cannot be recalled. Newspapers cannot be updated : Once they have been published, they cannot be changed or updated because of their nature. This makes them rigid in terms of news and information sources.  Newspapers may misrepresent information:  Sometimes newspapers are prone to information misrepresentation which may work against them especially in the court of public opinion. Newspapers are expensive cumulatively : It is quite expensive to produce and publish newspapers especially because they have to be distributed across the country. Thakur College Of Science & Commerce, Mumbai

46. Newspapers in India Newspaper Language Average Issue Readership  2019 (in millions) Owner Dainik Jagran ( दैनिक जागरण) Hindi 20.258 Jagran Prakashan Ltd. Dainik Bhaskar ( दैनिक भास्कर) Hindi 15.395 D B Corp Ltd. Hindustan Dainik   ( हिन्दुस्तान दैनिक) Hindi 14.746 Hindustan Media Ventures Ltd. (part of  HT Media Ltd ) Amar Ujala   ( अमर उजाला) Hindi 10.183 Amar Ujala Publications Ltd. Malayala Manorama   ( മലയാള മനോരമ) Malayalam 9.758 Malayala Manorama Company Ltd. Rajasthan Patrika ( राजस्थान पत्रिका) Hindi 7.543 Rajasthan Patrika Pvt. Ltd. Punjab Kesari Hindi 7.323 The Hindsamachar Ltd. Dina Thanthi   ( தினத்தந்தி) Tamil 6.572 Founded by  S. P. Adithanar Mathrubhumi   ( മാതൃഭൂമി) Malayalam 6.443 The Mathrubhumi Group Lokmat   ( लोकमत) Marathi 6.085 Lokmat Media Limited The Times of India English 5.646 Bennett, Coleman and Co. Ltd. Thakur College Of Science & Commerce, Mumbai

47. Newspaper Language Average Issue Readership  2019 (in millions) Owner Gujarat Samachar   ( ગુજરાત સમાચાર) Gujarati 4.477 Lok Prakashan Ltd. Prabhat Khabar ( प्रभात खबर) Hindi 3.439 Neutral Publishing House Ltd. Ananda Bazar Patrika   ( আনন্দবাজার পত্রিকা) Bengali 3.436 Ananda Publishers Sandesh   ( સંદેશ) Gujarati 3.384 The Sandesh Ltd. Eenadu   ( ఈనాడు) Telugu 3.327 Sakal   ( सकाळ) Marathi 3.092 Sakal Media Group Patrika   ( पत्रिका) Hindi 3.038 Rajasthan Patrika Pvt. Ltd. Sakshi ( సాక్షి) Telugu 2.988 Jagati Publications Ltd. Dinamalar   ( தினமலர்) Tamil 2.886 Dinamalar Publications Ltd. Thakur College Of Science & Commerce, Mumbai