NIOS POLITICAL SCIENCE CHAPTER 1 STUDY NOTES.pptx

National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS)
Political Science

1. NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF OPEN SCHOOLING (NIOS) POLITICAL SCIENCE

2. The subject of Political s cience has become a specialized science of the state where we study about Power, Equality, Liberty and Justice, different forms of government & its functions and relation with the citizens. The meaning and scope of political science has kept on changing as in the ancient Greeks thought of Political Science as Political Philosophy, in the Middle Ages, Political Science became a branch of the Church, & in modern times, Political Science acquired a realistic and secular approach.

3. Political Science deals with both .................... and ..................... issues ( empirical, normative , formal ). An empirical statement is made based on facts, and a normative statement is that it is based on comparison with a good standard. Both are used in political science. The statement that political science deals with both normative and empirical issues is correct. Empirical statements are statements that are made based on existing evidence and the gathering of facts. For example, if someone says that India is a type of democracy called a parliamentary democracy, it can be called an empirical statement because it is based on facts. Normative statements are those which are statements that are made based on comparison with a standard. For example, if the same person says that India should switch to a presidential form of democracy, it can be called a normative statement. In political science, both normative and empirical statements are used, and they are defined as follows: Empirical statements: They are based on material facts. They are made on existing evidence. Normative statements: They are based on comparison with others. The subject is compared with a good standard. Therefore, an empirical statement is made based on facts, and a normative statement is that it is based on comparison with a good standard. Both are used in political science .

4. Political Science studies ....................and .................... (society, state , nation, power , class ). State and power are two subjects that political science deals with ; State refers to the land, water, and air space controlled by the state, and power is in utilizing these resources. The two subjects that political science studies are state and the power that comes with authority. State refers to the geographical location that is included in the state, the people who are living in the geographical region, the resources which exist in the region, the air space the state controls, the water resources at the disposal of the state, etc. The power is in controlling the people and utilizing the resources for optimal benefits. The subjects under study in Political science are state and power. State refers to : The land is controlled by the state. The water resources at the state’s disposal. The air space is controlled by the state. Power refers to: Utilization of resources. Controlling of people. Therefore, State and power are two subjects that political science deals with; State refers to the land, water, and air space controlled by the state, and power is in utilizing these resources.

5. The term Politics is derived from the word.................... ( polis , police, state ). The word politics is taken from a Greek word called “Polis ,” in Greek terminology, a synonym for State and government. The word politics is obtained from a Greek word named “Polis,” in Greek terminology, the word refers to the government and the state. Both the state and the government are politically motivated unions, and they are controlled by sovereignty. It means that the state does not come alone and is coupled to control the people and utilize the resources. The word is politics is taken from a Greek word, and the word and the meaning are described as given below: The word politics is taken from the Greek word “Polis.” The word means state and government. The word also takes into count power since power always comes with a state .

6. ........................ said Politics begins and ends with the state ( Gettel , Garner , Lasswell ). Mr.Garner is the one who said that political science begins and ends with the state. According to him, the state is the ultimate example of political union, and good governance is required to control the state, in other terms, a sovereign state. Garner is the one who said that political science begins with the state and ends with the state. The state, as anyone can see, is a political reunion of people, geographical locations, water, air space, etc. The state holds power to control the resources. Thus, political science deals with the science of good governance, and the state is the stage to implement the rules of governance. The studies of political science begin and end with the state, and the facts about this statement are as follows: Garner makes the statement. The statement means that the state is the ultimate source of political union. There is no better place to exercise political reforms. Therefore, Mr.Garner is the one who said that political science begins and ends with the state . According to him, the state is the ultimate example of political union, and good governance is required to control the state, in other terms, a sovereign state.

7. ) ....................... defined Political Science as the study of shaping and sharing of power. ( Kaplan , Easton, Garner ). Kaplan said that political science is the study where power can be shared and shaped into different forms. Kaplan defined political science as the subject and source where power can be shared and shaped into different forms. According to Kaplan, the state is the final form of a political union, and the state is coupled with power. Thus power is shared with the government. The power can be shaped into different forms, such as the power to take decisions, the power to punish the wrongs, etc. According to Kaplan, power can be of different forms and shapes; they are defined as given below: Power can be shared among the council of ministers, executives and the head of the state. The power can be of different shapes such as power to control people, power to utilize resources etc. Therefore, Kaplan said that political science is the study where power can be shared and shaped into different forms.

8. .................... called Political Science a ‘master science’ (Plato, Aristotle , Laski ) Aristotle was a Greek scholar and polymath throughout the Traditional period in Antiquated Greece . For Aristotle, politics was the  "master science"  on which all departments of human activity depended. Government is no less central to an recognition of our own organization and the world around us. ... It teaches these skills in courses that send extensive message about legislative ideas and performance Aristotle called Political Science a ‘master science’

9. Behaviouralism stressed on the .................... part of Political Science (science, philosophy , political ) Behaviouralism (or behavioralism ) is a proposition in political science that developed in the 1930s in the United States. It factored a sharp separation from premature entrances in featuring an objective, quantified approach to explain and predict political behavior . Behaviouralism (or behavioralism ) is a proposition in political science that developed in the 1930s in the United States. It factored a sharp separation from premature entrances in featuring an objective, quantified approach to explain and predict political behavior. Behaviouralism stressed on the philosophy part of Political Science Behaviouralism stressed on the philosophy part of Political Science

10. The .................... view Politics as a conflict between two classes of the haves and Individual and the State the have-nots (Greeks, Romans, Marxists ). Class conflict further connected to as course conflict and class counterinsurgency Marxists explain the history of "civilized" organizations in terms of a conflict of classes among those who establish the composition and those who manufacture the goods or services in society. In the Marxist view of capitalism The Marxists view Politics as a conflict between two classes of the haves and Individual and the State the have-nots

11. Skill of practical politics is acquired through .................... ( honesty , morality, craftiness ). The correct answer is honesty Honesty means to be truthful for a person in all aspects of life Explanation for incorrect answer An incorrect answer is a morality Morality can be a body of criteria or systems determined from a code of conduct from an appropriate philosophy, religion, or culture Explanation for incorrect answer An incorrect answer is a craftiness Craftiness involves the making of decorative objects and other things by hand .

12. The term ‘State’ was first used by .................... (Plato, Machiavelli , Kautilya ). The enterprise of peace and safety; its programs, the laws, and their implementation, the state is a form of personal relationship isolated from another human community . The term ‘State’ is a nation or region regarded as an authorized administrative area supporting one party . The term ‘State’ was first used by Machiavelli

13. The term Liberty is derived from the ........................ word liber (Greek, Roman, Latin ). Life is the ability to carry out a single instruction, as well as the power or freedom granted by medication or gift . The term Liberty is the nature of existing free inside nation from difficult limitations required by power on one's way of living, performance, or governmental prospects . The term Liberty is derived from the Latin word liber.

14. ........................ liberalism advocated negative liberty (Early, Modern, Libertarian ). Negative education is primarily concerned with the freedom to be free of visible control, and it clashes with correct education . Negative education is independence from interference by other personalities . Libertarian is the right answer.

15. Your liberty to swing your ........................ ends there where my nose begins (nose, arm , head ). Individual freedom of a man to drink and direct saloons comes to a halt wherever the benefits of the relationship and the region can be identified . Your liberty to swing your arm ends there where my nose begins.

16. The freedom of many may require restraints of law on the freedom of ........................ ( all , some, none ). Protection of certain rights regarding freedom of speech in so far as such law imposes reasonable restrictions on the exercise of the right The freedom of many may require restraints of law on the freedom of all The word All is the right answer.

17. Eternal ................... is the price of liberty ( vigilance , liberty, freedom ). The condition upon which God hath given liberty to man is eternal vigilance . Eternal vigilance is the price of liberty . Vigilance is the right answer.

18. According to........................ Justice is the reconciler of political values (Plato, Aristotle , Barker ). The most basic notion of justice one that is commonly acknowledged According to Aristotle Justice is the reconciler of political values

19. Equality does not mean ........................ (identity of treatment, equality of opportunity ). The Constituent Assembly signified the evidence that mounted the constitution of India . Equality does not mean equality of opportunity Equality of opportunity is the right answer.

20. Justice for Nozick meant respect for........................ ( entitlements , duties, need ). If everyone in a community is empowered, the distribution of assets in that community is simple . Justice for Nozick meant respect for entitlements Entitlements is the right answer.

21. According to Rawls, inequality is permissible if and only if it benefits the ........................ (the richest, middle class, least well-off ). According to Rawls, everyone must appear at the source of the GOOD . According to Rawls, inequality is permissible if and only if it benefits the least well-off Least well-off is the right answer.

22. Equality means ........................ ( absence of special privileges , identity of rewards, freedom ). Equality means absence of special privileges The absence of special privileges is the correct answer.

23. Explain the meaning of Political Science . Political science is the study of politics and power at the national, international, and comparative levels. It is the scientific study of politics . Political science is concerned with the theory and practice of local, state, national, and international governance and politics . Political science takes into account the problems and issues, the women and men are facing in society, the solutions are created through the Political approach and political science defines all these things.   It is the systematic study of governance by the application of empirical and generally scientific methods of analysis . Political science is the development of understandings of the institutions, behaviors, and relationships that comprise public life, as well as modes of research that promote citizenship.

24. Write a note on the growth of the Discipline of Political Science . Political Science is the Scientific study of society. It deals with system of governance,power , and the analysis of political activities, political thoughts and political behavior . During ancient : Political science was more or less attached to the church. The church used to authorize certain actions that will be of good to people; then political science delved into a secular look. It took various reforms and covered various aspects of governance such as the Judiciary, the legislative, and the administrative organs. At present, it became a specialized branch of study. From the ancient times to the present, the subject of political science took a lot of changes. During ancient times the church used to be the place for using political science. Later on, the subject formed various wings such as the Judiciary, legislative and administrative organs for implementing authority, and now it is considered a special branch of study.

25. Describe the scope of Political Science in terms of role of the State and functions of government The scope of political science is a broad one and includes the following : Role of the state: The state is to see that people are governed properly. Every person in the state gets equal priority. The rights of the people are preserved. Etc. Functions of the Government: The government is expected to look after the welfare of the people. Maintain law and order in the state. Improve the economic condition of people etc. The relationship with people: It is expected to maintain a harmonious relationship with the people. Exchange of information, issues are expected between the people and the government. Political science is the study of politics and power from domestic, international, and comparative perspectives . The scope of political science is huge. It includes the government's functions, the role of the state and the relationship between the people and the government.

26. Distinguish between Political Science and Politics . Political science and politics are totally different subjects. The differences are explained below: Political science: Political science deals with the study of people. Understanding people’s problems and challenges. It helps in estimating people’s behavior under certain conditions. It helps in creating a suitable mechanism for resolving people’s problems. Politics: Politics involves the study of controlling or governing people. It refers to the creation of the framework for administering people. It refers to the organs needed to run the government. Political science and politics are different from one another. Political science refers to the study of people and their behavior , while politics refers to the government's functions and organs required to run the government.

27. Write a note on the rights and the duties of an individual . There are certain rights and duties of the people living in a state, and they have to fulfill to be citizens of the state, are : Rights: Rights are divided into three types, such as : 01). Civil rights: the right to live freely, voice freely, and freedom to practice their own religion, etc. 02). Political rights: Right to cast a vote and elect a member, right to contest in elections, etc. 03). Social rights: the right to get economic benefits from the government, the right to conduct business and buy property, etc. Duties : 01). Citizens need to pay taxes. 02). Live obediently, and they respect the law. The rights and duties of people living in a state are the civil rights, social rights, and political rights people have, and the duties are to pay taxes to the government and live obediently.

28. Define Liberty in their negative and positive dimensions . Public liberty refers to right of individuals to participate in government by voting and by holding public office . Liberty can be defined as an individual’s freedom, which is minus all restraints. There are positive sides to liberty and negative sides of liberty. They are explained as given below: Positive shades of liberty: The right to live freely The right to act freely The right to freedom of expression. Etc. Negative shades of liberty: Excess freedom can result in violating the boundaries. Excess liberty can result in encroachment into other privacy. May cause harm to other people. The negative sides of liberty can cause the problem of causing damage to others, encroaching into others' privacy, while the positive shades are the right to freedom of speech and the right to live freely.

29. What do you mean by Equality of Opportunity ? The concept of equality of opportunity refers to providing equal opportunities to all. This is the issue that sometimes people face in a sovereign state. Opportunities are often given to people who are in power and who enjoy authority. To overcome this situation, equality in opportunity is created, this right to get equal opportunities in education, employment, business, etc. This right creates an equal opportunity for the underprivileged section and helps them to grow. Equality to opportunity is a concept that helps the under privileged sections of the society to grow equally with others in a state.

30. Explain the term Justice and bring out the different conceptions of it . Justice can be defined as rendering or compensating for the loss a person has suffered. The compensation can be in terms of money, property, and various other types. There are two types of justice distributive and communitarian justice. Distributive justice: The concept believes in the distribution of wealth, the state's income in equal proportions among all the people in the state. Communitarian justice: the judicial system should allow a benefits program to work only if it helps in the growth of the under privileged sections of the society. Justice can be defined as compensating for the loss a person has suffered, and there are two types of justice theories, such as the distributive theory and the communitarian theory.