Nipaah.pptx awareness on nipah virus....

awareness on nipah

1. Nipaah Supriya

2. Introduction A  Nipah virus infection  is a  viral infection  caused by the Nipah virus . The disease was first identified in 1998 during an outbreak in  Malaysia  while the virus was isolated in 1999.It is named after a village in Malaysia,  Sungai Nipah .

3. Virus description The Nipah virus is a type of  RNA virus  in the genus  Henipavirus . Nipah virus ( NiV ) is a member of the family  Paramyxoviridae , genus  Henipavirus . The virus normally circulates among specific types of  fruit bats .It can both spread between people and  from other animals to people .

4. NIPAH VIRUS

5. Outbreak in Kerala In May 2018, an outbreak was reported in the Kozhikode district of Kerala, India . Twenty one deaths were recorded, including one healthcare worker among a total of 23 cases. The nurse died during her service due to N ipah awarded Florence Nightingale Award in 2019. Two of the infected made a complete recovery. On 10 June 2018, the outbreak was officially declared to be over.

6. Outbreak in Kerala Again by the end of May, 2019 a young student was admitted with Nipah symptoms in Ernakulam district of Kerala and was confirmed Nipah -infected on 4 June 2019. The student survived and on 23 July 2019 left the hospital free of the disease after nearly 2 months of treatment.

7. Transmission

8. Signs and Symptoms Infection with Nipah virus is associated with encephalitis (inflammation of the brain). After exposure and an incubation period of 5 to 14 days, illness presents with 3-14 days of fever and headache, followed by drowsiness, disorientation and mental confusion. These signs and symptoms can progress to coma within 24-48 hours. Some patients have a respiratory illness during the early part of their infections, and half of the patients showing severe neurological signs showed also pulmonary signs.

9. Signs and Symptoms Long-term sequelae following Nipah virus infection have been noted, including persistent convulsions and personality changes. Latent infections with subsequent reactivation of Nipah virus and death have also been reported months and even years after exposure.

10. Diagnosis .

11. Diagnosis Nipah virus infection can be diagnosed with Clinical history during the acute and convalescent phase of the disease. The main tests used are real time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) from bodily fluids and antibody detection via enzyme-linked immune-sorbent assays (ELISA). Other tests used include polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay and virus isolation by cell culture.

12. Treatment Treatment is limited to supportive care. Because Nipah virus encephalitis can be transmitted person-to-person, standard infection control practices and proper barrier nursing techniques are important in preventing hospital-acquired infections (nosocomial transmission).

13. Treatment The drug ribavirin has been shown to be effective against the viruses in vitro, but human investigations to date have been inconclusive and the clinical usefulness of ribavirin remains uncertain

14. Treatment Passive immunization using a human monoclonal antibody targeting the Nipah G glycoprotein has been evaluated in the post-exposure therapy in the ferret model and found to be of benefit.

15. Prevention Reducing the risk of infection in people Reducing risk of bat to human transmission Reducing the risk of animal to human transmission Reducing the risk of human to human transmission Controlling infection in health-care settings

16. Reducing the risk of infection in people In the absence of a vaccine, the only way to reduce or prevent infection in people is by raising awareness of the risk factors and educating people about the measures they can take to reduce exposure to the Nipah virus.

17. Reducing risk of bat to human transmission Efforts to prevent transmission should first focus on decreasing bat access to date palm sap and other fresh food products. Keeping bats away from sap collection sites with protective coverings (such as bamboo sap skirts) may be helpful. Freshly collected date palm juice should be boiled, and fruits should be thoroughly washed and peeled before consumption. Fruits with sign of bat bites should be discarded.

18. Reducing the risk of animal to human transmission Gloves and other protective clothing should be worn while handling sick animals or their tissues, and during slaughtering and culling procedures. As much as possible, people should avoid being in contact with infected pigs. In endemic areas, when establishing new pig farms, considerations should be given to presence of fruit bats in the area and in general, pig feed and pig shed should be protected against bats when feasible.

19. Reducing the risk of human to human transmission Close unprotected physical contact with Nipah virus-infected people should be avoided. Regular hand washing should be carried out after caring for or visiting sick people.

20. Controlling infection in health-care settings Health-care workers caring for patients with suspected or confirmed infection, or handling specimens from them, should implement standard infection control precautions at all times

21. Controlling infection in health-care settings As human-to-human transmission has been reported, in particular in health-care settings, contact and droplet precautions should be used in addition to standard precautions. Airborne precautions may be required in certain circumstances. Samples taken from people and animals with suspected Nipah virus infection should be handled by trained staff working in suitably equipped laboratories .