Determine the primary acid
base disorder
1.Acidosis or alkalosis
–If the pH is less than 7.4 it is acidosis
–If the pH is greater than 7.4 it is alkalosis
1.Determine if it is respiratory or metabolic
–If the pH, bicarbonate and pCO
2
all move in the same
direction (up or down) it is metabolic
–If the pH, bicarbonate and pCO
2
move in discordant directions
(up and down) it is respiratory
7.34 / 87 / 33 / 16
pH / pO2 / pCO
2
/ HCO
3
Determine the primary acid
base disorder
1.Acidosis or alkalosis
–If the pH is less than 7.4 it is acidosis
–If the pH is greater than 7.4 it is alkalosis
1.Determine if it is respiratory or metabolic
–If the pH, bicarbonate and pCO
2
all move in the same
direction (up or down) it is metabolic
–If the pH, bicarbonate and pCO
2
move in discordant directions
(up and down) it is respiratory
7.34 / 87 / 33 / 16
pH / pO2 / pCO
2
/ HCO
3
1.Acidosis or alkalosis
–If the pH is less than 7.4 it is acidosis
–If the pH is greater than 7.4 it is alkalosis
7.34 / 87 / 33 / 16
pH / pO2 / pCO
2
/ HCO
3
Determine the primary acid
base disorder
1.Acidosis or alkalosis
–If the pH is less than 7.4 it is acidosis
–If the pH is greater than 7.4 it is alkalosis
1.Determine if it is respiratory or metabolic
–If the pH, bicarbonate and pCO
2
all move in the same
direction (up or down) it is metabolic
–If the pH, bicarbonate and pCO
2
move in discordant directions
(up and down) it is respiratory
7.34 / 87 / 33 / 16
pH / pO2 / pCO
2
/ HCO
3
1.Acidosis or alkalosis
–If the pH is less than 7.4 it is acidosis
–If the pH is greater than 7.4 it is alkalosis
7.34 / 87 / 33 / 16
pH / pO2 / pCO
2
/ HCO
3
1.Determine if it is respiratory or metabolic
–If the pH, bicarbonate and pCO
2
all move in the same
direction (up or down) it is metabolic
–If the pH, bicarbonate and pCO
2
move in discordant directions
(up and down) it is respiratory
Determine the primary disorder
1.Acidosis or alkalosis
–If the pH is less than 7.4 it is acidosis
–If the pH is greater than 7.4 it is alkalosis
1.Determine if it is respiratory or metabolic
–If the pH, bicarbonate and pCO
2
all move in the same
direction (up or down) it is metabolic
–If the pH, bicarbonate and pCO
2
move in discordant directions
(up and down) it is respiratory
7.34 / 87 / 33 / 16
pH / pO2 / pCO
2
/ HCO
3
1.Acidosis or alkalosis
–If the pH is less than 7.4 it is acidosis
–If the pH is greater than 7.4 it is alkalosis
7.34 / 87 / 33 / 16
pH / pO2 / pCO
2
/ HCO
3
1.Determine if it is respiratory or metabolic
–If the pH, bicarbonate and pCO
2
all move in the same
direction (up or down) it is metabolic
–If the pH, bicarbonate and pCO
2
move in discordant directions
(up and down) it is respiratory
Metabolic Acidosis
Predicting pCO
2
in metabolic
acidosis: Winter’s Formula
•In metabolic acidosis the expected pCO
2
can be
estimated from the HCO
3
Expected pCO
2
= (1.5 x HCO
3
) + 8
± 2
•If the pCO
2
is higher than predicted then there is
an addition respiratory acidosis
•If the pCO
2
is lower than predicted there is an
additional respiratory alkalosis
–Expected pCO
2
= (1.5 x HCO
3
) + 8 ±2
–Expected pCO
2
= 31-35
–Actual pCO
2 is 33, which is within the predicted range,
indicating a simple metabolic acidosis
Predicting pCO
2
in metabolic
acidosis: Winter’s Formula
7.33 / 87 / 33 / 17
pH / pO2 / pCO
2
/ HCO
3
–Expected pCO
2
= (1.5 x HCO
3
) + 8 ±2
–Expected pCO
2
= 31-35
–Actual pCO
2 is 33, which is within the predicted range,
indicating a simple metabolic acidosis
Predicting pCO
2
in metabolic
acidosis: Winter’s Formula
7.33 / 87 / 33 / 17
pH / pO2 / pCO
2
/ HCO
3
Appropriately compensated
metabolic acidosis
•Metabolic acidosis is further evaluated by
determining the anion associated with the increased
H
+
cation
•Metabolic acidosis is further evaluated by
determining the anion associated with the increased
H
+
cation
It is either chloride
NonAnion Gap
Metabolic Acidosis
•Metabolic acidosis is further evaluated by
determining the anion associated with the increased
H
+
cation
It is either chloride
NonAnion Gap
Metabolic Acidosis
Or it is not chloride
Anion Gap
Metabolic Acidosis
•Metabolic acidosis is further evaluated by
determining the anion associated with the increased
H
+
cation
•These can be differentiated by measuring the anion
gap.
It is either chloride
NonAnion Gap
Metabolic Acidosis
Or it is not chloride
Anion Gap
Metabolic Acidosis
Anion gap
=
Anion gap
=
Anion gap
=
Anion gap
=
Calculating the anion gap
•Anion gap = Na – (HCO
3
+ Cl)
•Normal is 12
–Varies from lab to lab
–Average anion gap in healthy controls is 6
±3
•Improving chloride assays have resulted in increased
chloride levels and a decreased normal anion gap.
139 115
3.1 17
16
1.0
•Anion gap = Na – (HCO
3
+ Cl)
•Normal is 12
Calculating the anion gap
•Anion gap = 139 – (17 + 115)
•Anion gap = 7
139 115
3.1 17
16
1.0
•Anion gap = Na – (HCO
3
+ Cl)
•Normal is 12
–Varies from lab to lab
–Average anion gap in healthy controls is 6
±3
•Improving chloride assays have resulted in increased
chloride levels and a decreased normal anion gap.
Calculating the anion gap
•Anion gap = 139 – (17 + 115)
•Anion gap = 7
–Varies from lab to lab
–Average anion gap in healthy controls is 6
±3
•Improving chloride assays have resulted in increased
chloride levels and a decreased normal anion gap.
139 115
3.1 17
16
1.0
Appropriately compensated
non-anion gap metabolic acidosis
NAGMA: Loss of bicarbonate
GI loss of HCO
3
Diarrhea
Surgical drains
Fistulas
Ureterosigmoidostomy
Obstructed ureteroileostomy
Cholestyramine
Renal loss of HCO
3
Renal tubular acidosis
Proximal
Distal
Hypoaldosteronism
Saline infusions
Dilutional acidosis
HCl intoxication
Chloride gas intoxication
Early renal failure
NAGMA: Loss of bicarbonate
GI loss of HCO
3
Diarrhea
Surgical drains
Fistulas
Ureterosigmoidostomy
Obstructed ureteroileostomy
Cholestyramine
Renal loss of HCO
3
Renal tubular acidosis
Proximal
Distal
Hypoaldosteronism
NAGMA: Loss of bicarbonate
GI loss of HCO
3
Diarrhea
Surgical drains
Fistulas
Ureterosigmoidostomy
Obstructed ureteroileostomy
Cholestyramine
Renal loss of HCO
3
Renal tubular acidosis
Proximal
Distal
Hypoaldosteronism
140 102
4.4 24
135 100
5.0 35
135 50
5.0 90
135 50
5.0 90
Plasma
Bile
Pancreas
Small intestines
Large intestines
110 90
35 40
Renal causes of non-anion gap
•Renal tubular acidosis is a failure of the kidney to
reabsorb all of the filtered bicarbonate or
synthesize new bicarbonate to keep up with
metabolic demands.
•Daily acid load
–Protein metabolism consumes bicarbonate
–This bicarbonate must be replaced
–Generally equal to 1 mmol/kg
Bicarbonate handling
•Normally 144 mmol of
bicarbonate per hour are filtered
at the glomerulus
–24 mmol/L x 100 mL/min x 60
min/hour
–Equivalent to 3 amps of bicarb
per hour or a bicarb drip
running 1 liter per hour
3456 mmol/day 50-100 mmol/day
Bicarbonate handling
•Normally 144 mmol of
bicarbonate per hour are filtered
at the glomerulus
–24 mmol/L x 100 mL/min x 60
min/hour
–Equivalent to 3 amps of bicarb
per hour or a bicarb drip
running 1 liter per hour
•The kidney must create 50-100
mmol per day of new bicarb-
onate to replace bicarbonate
lost buffering the daily acid
load.
3456 mmol/day 50-100 mmol/day
Proximal tubule: reabsorption
of filtered bicarbonate
Proximal tubule: reabsorption
of filtered bicarbonate
Proximal tubule: reabsorption
of filtered bicarbonate
Distal tubule, completion of reabsorption and
replacing bicarbonate lost to the daily acid
load.
Distal tubule, completion of reabsorption and
replacing bicarbonate lost to the daily acid
load.
Distal tubule, completion of reabsorption and
replacing bicarbonate lost to the daily acid
load.
Fate of excreted hydrogen ion
The minimal urine pH is 4.5.
This is a H
+
concentration a
1000 times that of plasma.
Fate of excreted hydrogen ion
The minimal urine pH is 4.5.
This is a H
+
concentration a
1000 times that of plasma.
But
It still is only 0.04 mmol/L
Fate of excreted hydrogen ion
The minimal urine pH is 4.5.
This is a H
+
concentration a
1000 times that of plasma.
But
It still is only 0.04 mmol/L
In order to excrete 50 mmol
(to produce enough bicarb-
onate to account for the daily
acid load) one would need to
produce 1250 liters of urine.
Fate of excreted hydrogen ion
Ammonium
Titratable acid
Proximal RTA (Type 2)
•The Tm is the maximum
plasma concentration of
any solute at which the
proximal tubule is able to
completely reabsorb the
solute.
•Beyond the Tm the
substance will be
incompletely reabsorbed
and spill in the urine.
•In Proximal RTA the Tm
for bicarbonate is reduced
from 26 to 1520 mmol/L.
Na
+
H
2
O
HCO
3Glucose
Amino Acids
•Proximal RTA
–Tm for bicarbonate at 15
•Serum bicarbonate above
the Tm
Proximal RTA (Type 2)
24 mmol/L
15 mmol/L
pH 8
•Proximal RTA
–Tm for bicarbonate at 15
•Serum bicarbonate at the
Tm
Proximal RTA (Type 2)
15 mmol/L
15 mmol/L
pH 5
•Proximal RTA
–Tm for bicarbonate at 15
•Serum bicarbonate below
the Tm
Proximal RTA (Type 2)
12 mmol/L
12 mmol/L
pH 5
Proximal RTA: consequences
•Hypokalemia
•Bone disease
–Bone buffering of the
acidosis
–Decreased 1,25 OH D
leading to hypocalcemia
and 2
° HPTH
•Not typically complicated
by stones
Distal RTA (Type 1)
•A failure to secrete the
daily acid load at the distal
tubule is distal rta.
•A failure in any one of the
three steps in urinary
acidification can result in
RTA
•Each step has been
demonstrated to fail and
has independent etiologies
Distal RTA:
Voltage dependent
•Only variety of distal
RTA which is
hyperkalemic
•Differentiate from type
4 by failure to respond
to fludrocortisone.
–Obstructive uropathy
–Sickle cell anemia
–Lupus
–Triameterene
–Amiloride
Distal RTA:
Voltage dependent
•Only variety of distal
RTA which is
hyperkalemic
•Differentiate from type
4 by failure to respond
to fludrocortisone.
–Obstructive uropathy
–Sickle cell anemia
–Lupus
–Triameterene
–Amiloride
Distal RTA:
Voltage dependent
•Only variety of distal
RTA which is
hyperkalemic
•Differentiate from type
4 by failure to respond
to fludrocortisone.
–Obstructive uropathy
–Sickle cell anemia
–Lupus
–Triameterene
–Amiloride
Distal RTA:
Voltage dependent
•Only variety of distal
RTA which is
hyperkalemic
•Differentiate from type
4 by failure to respond
to fludrocortisone.
–Obstructive uropathy
–Sickle cell anemia
–Lupus
–Triameterene
–Amiloride
Distal RTA:
H
+
Secretion
•Called classic distal RTA
•Most common cause of
distal RTA
–Congenital
–Lithium
–Multiple myeloma
–Lupus
–Pyelonephritis
–Sickle cell anemia
–Sj
ögren’s syndrome
–Toluene (Glue sniffing)
–Wilson’s disease
Distal RTA:
Gradient defect
•Amphotercin B
Distal RTA: consequences
•Bones
–Chronic metabolic acidosis
results in bone buffering.
•Bicarbonate
•Phosphate
•Calcium
•Kidney stones
–Calcium phosphate stones
•Due to hypercalciuria
•Increased urine pH
•Decreased urinary citrate
Well Mr. Osborne, it may not be
kidney stones after all.
Hypoaldosteronism
•Chronic hyperkalemia of any
etiology decreases ammonia
genesis
•Without ammonia to convert
to ammonium total acid
excretion is modest
•Urinary acidification is
intact
•Acidosis is typically mild
without significant bone or
stone disease
•Primary problem is with
high potassium
non-anion gap metabolic acidosis
Diagnosing the cause of:
Ammonium
Titratable acid
To look for renal H
+
clearance
look for urinary ammonium
Ammonium
Titratable acid
To look for renal H
+
clearance
look for urinary ammonium
NH
4
+
Urinary anion gap:
Urinary ammonium detector
(Na
+
+ K
+
) – Cl
–
•In the presence of ammonium the
chloride will be larger than the
sum of Na and K.
•So a negative anion gap means
ammonium in the urine.
•Ammonium in the urine means
effective renal acid secretion
•Ammonium in the urine usually
rules out RTA
NAGMA and urinary anion gap
•Diarrhea
NAGMA and urinary anion gap
•Diarrhea
–Negative
NAGMA and urinary anion gap
•Diarrhea
–Negative
•Proximal RTA
–At baseline
15 mmol/L
15 mmol/L
pH 5
NAGMA and urinary anion gap
•Diarrhea
–Negative
•Proximal RTA
–At baseline
•Negative
15 mmol/L
15 mmol/L
pH 5
NAGMA and urinary anion gap
•Diarrhea
–Negative
•Proximal RTA
–At baseline
•Negative
–During treatment
24 mmol/L
15 mmol/L
pH 8
58 y.o. female with weakness
and muscle aches
139 115
3.1 17
16
1.0
7.34 / 87 / 33 / 16
U/A pH 6.5
80 115
45
Urine electrolytes
Appropriately compensated non-
anion gap metabolic acidosis due
to distal RTA
74 y.o. female with 34 year
history of DM c/o weakness
139 123
6.6 17
21
1.2
7.34 / 87 / 33 / 16
Albumin 1.8
Determine the primary disorder
1.Acidosis or alkalosis
–If the pH is less than 7.4 it is acidosis
–If the pH is greater than 7.4 it is alkalosis
1.Determine if it is respiratory or metabolic
–If the pH, bicarbonate and pCO
2
all move in the same
direction (up or down) it is metabolic
–If the pH, bicarbonate and pCO
2
move in discordant directions
(up and down) it is respiratory
7.34 / 87 / 33 / 16
pH / pO2 / pCO
2
/ HCO
3
Determine the primary disorder
1.Acidosis or alkalosis
–If the pH is less than 7.4 it is acidosis
–If the pH is greater than 7.4 it is alkalosis
1.Determine if it is respiratory or metabolic
–If the pH, bicarbonate and pCO
2
all move in the same
direction (up or down) it is metabolic
–If the pH, bicarbonate and pCO
2
move in discordant directions
(up and down) it is respiratory
7.34 / 87 / 33 / 16
pH / pO2 / pCO
2
/ HCO
3
1.Acidosis or alkalosis
–If the pH is less than 7.4 it is acidosis
–If the pH is greater than 7.4 it is alkalosis
7.34 / 87 / 33 / 16
pH / pO2 / pCO
2
/ HCO
3
Determine the primary disorder
1.Acidosis or alkalosis
–If the pH is less than 7.4 it is acidosis
–If the pH is greater than 7.4 it is alkalosis
1.Determine if it is respiratory or metabolic
–If the pH, bicarbonate and pCO
2
all move in the same
direction (up or down) it is metabolic
–If the pH, bicarbonate and pCO
2
move in discordant directions
(up and down) it is respiratory
7.34 / 87 / 33 / 16
pH / pO2 / pCO
2
/ HCO
3
1.Acidosis or alkalosis
–If the pH is less than 7.4 it is acidosis
–If the pH is greater than 7.4 it is alkalosis
7.34 / 87 / 33 / 16
pH / pO2 / pCO
2
/ HCO
3
Determine the primary disorder
1.Acidosis or alkalosis
–If the pH is less than 7.4 it is acidosis
–If the pH is greater than 7.4 it is alkalosis
1.Determine if it is respiratory or metabolic
–If the pH, bicarbonate and pCO
2
all move in the same
direction (up or down) it is metabolic
–If the pH, bicarbonate and pCO
2
move in discordant directions
(up and down) it is respiratory
7.34 / 87 / 33 / 16
pH / pO2 / pCO
2
/ HCO
3
1.Acidosis or alkalosis
–If the pH is less than 7.4 it is acidosis
–If the pH is greater than 7.4 it is alkalosis
7.34 / 87 / 33 / 16
pH / pO2 / pCO
2
/ HCO
3
1.Determine if it is respiratory or metabolic
–If the pH, bicarbonate and pCO
2
all move in the same
direction (up or down) it is metabolic
–If the pH, bicarbonate and pCO
2
move in discordant directions
(up and down) it is respiratory
Determine the primary disorder
1.Acidosis or alkalosis
–If the pH is less than 7.4 it is acidosis
–If the pH is greater than 7.4 it is alkalosis
1.Determine if it is respiratory or metabolic
–If the pH, bicarbonate and pCO
2
all move in the same
direction (up or down) it is metabolic
–If the pH, bicarbonate and pCO
2
move in discordant directions
(up and down) it is respiratory
7.34 / 87 / 33 / 16
pH / pO2 / pCO
2
/ HCO
3
1.Acidosis or alkalosis
–If the pH is less than 7.4 it is acidosis
–If the pH is greater than 7.4 it is alkalosis
7.34 / 87 / 33 / 16
pH / pO2 / pCO
2
/ HCO
3
1.Determine if it is respiratory or metabolic
–If the pH, bicarbonate and pCO
2
all move in the same
direction (up or down) it is metabolic
–If the pH, bicarbonate and pCO
2
move in discordant directions
(up and down) it is respiratory
Metabolic Acidosis
–Expected pCO
2
= (1.5 x HCO
3
) + 8 ±2
–Expected pCO
2
= 31-35
–Actual pCO
2 is 33, which is within the predicted range,
indicating a simple metabolic acidosis
Predicting pCO
2
in metabolic
acidosis: Winter’s Formula
7.33 / 87 / 33 / 17
pH / pO2 / pCO
2
/ HCO
3
–Expected pCO
2
= (1.5 x HCO
3
) + 8 ±2
–Expected pCO
2
= 31-35
–Actual pCO
2 is 33, which is within the predicted range,
indicating a simple metabolic acidosis
Predicting pCO
2
in metabolic
acidosis: Winter’s Formula
7.33 / 87 / 33 / 17
pH / pO2 / pCO
2
/ HCO
3
–Expected pCO
2
= (1.5 x HCO
3
) + 8 ±2
–Expected pCO
2
= 31-35
–Actual pCO
2 is 33, which is within the predicted range,
indicating a simple metabolic acidosis
Predicting pCO
2
in metabolic
acidosis: Winter’s Formula
7.33 / 87 / 33 / 17
pH / pO2 / pCO
2
/ HCO
3
–Expected pCO
2
= (1.5 x HCO
3
) + 8 ±2
–Expected pCO
2
= 31-35
–Actual pCO
2 is 33, which is within the predicted range,
indicating a simple metabolic acidosis
Predicting pCO
2
in metabolic
acidosis: Winter’s Formula
7.33 / 87 / 33 / 17
pH / pO2 / pCO
2
/ HCO
3
Appropriately compensated
metabolic acidosis
Calculating the anion gap
•Anion gap = Na – (HCO
3
+ Cl)
139 123
6.6 17
16
1.0
Calculating the anion gap
•Anion gap = Na – (HCO
3
+ Cl)
139 123
6.6 17
16
1.0
•Anion gap = 139 – (123 + 17)
•Anion gap = 1
Calculating the anion gap
•Anion gap = Na – (HCO
3
+ Cl)
139 123
6.6 17
16
1.0
•Anion gap = 139 – (123 + 17)
•Anion gap = 1A negative anion gap!
That’s got to mean something!
Hypoalbuminuria,
hypophosphatemia
•The “other anions” includes phosphate and
albumin•Hypoalbuminuria and hypophosphatemia lowers
the anion gap
•If one fails to adjust the upper and lower limit of
the normal anion gap, altered albumin and
phosphorous can hide a pathologic anion gap
Hypoalbuminuria,
hypophosphatemia
•The “other anions” includes phosphate and
albumin•Hypoalbuminuria and hypophosphatemia lowers
the anion gap
•If one fails to adjust the upper and lower limit of
the normal anion gap, altered albumin and
phosphorous can hide a pathologic anion gap
Hypoalbuminuria,
hypophosphatemia
•The “other anions” includes phosphate and
albumin•Hypoalbuminuria and hypophosphatemia lowers
the anion gap
•If one fails to adjust the upper and lower limit of
the normal anion gap, altered albumin and
phosphorous can hide a pathologic anion gap
Adjusted Normal
Anion Gap
Hypoalbuminuria,
hypophosphatemia
•The “other anions” includes phosphate and
albumin•Hypoalbuminuria and hypophosphatemia lowers
the anion gap
•If one fails to adjust the upper and lower limit of
the normal anion gap, altered albumin and
phosphorous can hide a pathologic anion gap
Adjusted Normal
Anion Gap
Hypoalbuminuria,
hypophosphatemia
•The “other anions” includes phosphate and
albumin
•To estimate the normal anion gap for any
individual multiply the albumin by 2.5 and add
half the phosphorous
•Hypoalbuminuria and hypophosphatemia lowers
the anion gap
•If one fails to adjust the upper and lower limit of
the normal anion gap, altered albumin and
phosphorous can hide a pathologic anion gap
Adjusted Normal
Anion Gap
Other causes of a low anion gap
•Increased chloride
–Hypertriglyceridemia
–Bromide
–Iodide
•Decreased “Unmeasured anions”
–Albumin
–Phosphorous
–IgA
•Increased “Unmeasured cations”
–Hyperkalemia
–Hypercalcemia
–Hypermagnesemia
–Lithium
–Increased cationic paraproteins
•IgG
Albumin
Phos
IgA
Chloride
Bicarb
Sodium
Potassium
Calcium
Magnesium
IgG
Normal
anion
gap
Recent lab history
non-anion gap metabolic
acidosis with hyperkalemia
Diagnose the cause of:
non-anion gap metabolic
acidosis with hyperkalemia
Diagnose the cause of:
1.Type four RTA,
hyporenin-hypoaldo
non-anion gap metabolic
acidosis with hyperkalemia
Diagnose the cause of:
1.Type four RTA,
hyporenin-hypoaldo
1.Hyperkalemic Distal (Type 1)
RTA, voltage dependent distal
RTA
A dipstick for aldosterone activity:
The transtubular potassium
gradient
The TTKG
Transtubular Potassium
Gradient
(TTKG)
•The ratio of tubular to
venous K indicates the
level of aldosterone
activity.
•In the presence of
hyperkalemia the ratio
should be > 10.
•In the presence of
hypokalemia the ratio
of < 4.
Transtubular Potassium
Gradient
(TTKG)
•The ratio of tubular to
venous K indicates the
level of aldosterone
activity.
•In the presence of
hyperkalemia the ratio
should be > 10.
•In the presence of
hypokalemia the ratio
of < 4.
Transtubular Potassium
Gradient
(TTKG)
•The ratio of tubular to
venous K indicates the
level of aldosterone
activity.
•In the presence of
hyperkalemia the ratio
should be > 10.
•In the presence of
hypokalemia the ratio
of < 4.
Transtubular Potassium
Gradient
(TTKG)
•The ratio of tubular to
venous K indicates the
level of aldosterone
activity.
•In the presence of
hyperkalemia the ratio
should be > 10.
•In the presence of
hypokalemia the ratio
of < 4.
•The transtubular potassium
gradient adjusts the urine
potassium for water loss in
the collecting ducts.
•This allows the use of urinary
potassium to calculate the
ratio of potassium from the
tubule to the interstitium in
the CCD.
TTKG=
K
CCD
K
plasma
K
CCD=
K
urine
Osm
urine
Osm
plasma
TTKG=
K
urine
Osm
urine
Osm
plasma
K
plasma
TTKG=
K
urine´Osm
Plasma
K
plasma
´Osm
urine
Transtubular Potassium
Gradient
(TTKG)
•The transtubular potassium
gradient adjusts the urine
potassium for water loss in
the collecting ducts.
•This allows the use of urinary
potassium to calculate the
ratio of potassium from the
tubule to the interstitium in
the CCD.
TTKG=
K
CCD
K
plasma
K
CCD=
K
urine
Osm
urine
Osm
plasma
TTKG=
K
urine
Osm
urine
Osm
plasma
K
plasma
TTKG=
K
urine´Osm
Plasma
K
plasma
´Osm
urine
Transtubular Potassium
Gradient
(TTKG)
•The transtubular potassium
gradient adjusts the urine
potassium for water loss in
the collecting ducts.
•This allows the use of urinary
potassium to calculate the
ratio of potassium from the
tubule to the interstitium in
the CCD.
TTKG=
K
CCD
K
plasma
K
CCD=
K
urine
Osm
urine
Osm
plasma
TTKG=
K
urine
Osm
urine
Osm
plasma
K
plasma
TTKG=
K
urine´Osm
Plasma
K
plasma
´Osm
urine
Transtubular Potassium
Gradient
(TTKG)
•The transtubular potassium
gradient adjusts the urine
potassium for water loss in
the collecting ducts.
•This allows the use of urinary
potassium to calculate the
ratio of potassium from the
tubule to the interstitium in
the CCD.
TTKG=
K
CCD
K
plasma
K
CCD=
K
urine
Osm
urine
Osm
plasma
TTKG=
K
urine
Osm
urine
Osm
plasma
K
plasma
TTKG=
K
urine´Osm
Plasma
K
plasma
´Osm
urine
Transtubular Potassium
Gradient
(TTKG)
–Urine osmolality > serum
osmolality
•Prerequisites to using
the TTKG as a measure
of aldosterone activity:
Transtubular Potassium
Gradient
(TTKG)
–Urine osmolality > serum
osmolality
•Prerequisites to using
the TTKG as a measure
of aldosterone activity:
Fluid leaving the LoH
has an osmolality
of 100 mOsm/Kg
Transtubular Potassium
Gradient
(TTKG)
–Urine osmolality > serum
osmolality
•Prerequisites to using
the TTKG as a measure
of aldosterone activity:
Fluid leaving the LoH
has an osmolality
of 100 mOsm/Kg
In the presence of ADH
water leaves the DCT
so that the tubular fluid
becomes isosmotic
Transtubular Potassium
Gradient
(TTKG)
–Urine osmolality > serum
osmolality
•Prerequisites to using
the TTKG as a measure
of aldosterone activity:
Fluid leaving the LoH
has an osmolality
of 100 mOsm/Kg
In the presence of ADH
water leaves the DCT
so that the tubular fluid
becomes isosmotic
Transtubular Potassium
Gradient
(TTKG)
–Urine Na > 20 mmol/L
1.Type four RTA,
hyporenin-hypoaldo
1.Hyperkalemic Distal (Type 1)
RTA, voltage dependent distal
RTA
Transtubular Potassium
Gradient
(TTKG)
Lets play low normal or high!
TTKG and Aldo level
1.Type four RTA,
hyporenin-hypoaldo
1.Hyperkalemic Distal (Type 1)
RTA, voltage dependent distal
RTA
Transtubular Potassium
Gradient
(TTKG)
1.Type four RTA,
hyporenin-hypoaldo
•Low TTKG
•Low aldosterone
Lets play low normal or high!
TTKG and Aldo level
1.Type four RTA,
hyporenin-hypoaldo
1.Hyperkalemic Distal (Type 1)
RTA, voltage dependent distal
RTA
Transtubular Potassium
Gradient
(TTKG)
1.Type four RTA,
hyporenin-hypoaldo
•Low TTKG
•Low aldosterone
1.Hyperkalemic Distal (Type 1)
RTA, voltage dependent distal
RTA
•Low TTKG
•High aldosterone
Lets play low normal or high!
TTKG and Aldo level
4.7
5 5.2 5.4
5.7
6.6
3.8
1.8
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0
Bicarbonate
Potassium
Albumin
Anion Gap
58 y.o. female with weakness
and muscle aches
4.7
5 5.2 5.4
5.7
6.6
3.8
1.8
-5
0
5
10
15
20
25
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0
Bicarbonate
Potassium
Albumin
Anion Gap
Both the bicarbonate and potassium
were normal at admission. This is
hospital acquired RTA (type 1 or 4)
58 y.o. female with weakness
and muscle aches
1.Type four RTA,
hyporenin-hypoaldo
1.Hyperkalemic Distal (Type 1),
voltage dependent distal RTA
Hospital acquired RTA really
means drug induced RTA
1.Type four RTA,
hyporenin-hypoaldo
1.Hyperkalemic Distal (Type 1),
voltage dependent distal RTA
Hospital acquired RTA really
means drug induced RTA
Lets play: Name that drug!
1.Type four RTA,
hyporenin-hypoaldo
1.Hyperkalemic Distal (Type 1),
voltage dependent distal RTA
Hospital acquired RTA really
means drug induced RTA
1.Type four RTA,
hyporenin-hypoaldo
•Spironolactone
•ACEi/ARB
•Heparin
Lets play: Name that drug!
1.Type four RTA,
hyporenin-hypoaldo
1.Hyperkalemic Distal (Type 1),
voltage dependent distal RTA
Hospital acquired RTA really
means drug induced RTA
1.Type four RTA,
hyporenin-hypoaldo
•Spironolactone
•ACEi/ARB
•Heparin
1.Hyperkalemic Distal (Type 1),
voltage dependent distal RTA
•Amiloride
•Triamterene
•Trimethoprim
Lets play: Name that drug!
1.Type four RTA,
hyporenin-hypoaldo
1.Hyperkalemic Distal (Type 1),
voltage dependent distal RTA
58 y.o. female with weakness
and muscle aches
1.Type four RTA,
hyporenin-hypoaldo
1.Hyperkalemic Distal (Type 1),
voltage dependent distal RTA
58 y.o. female with weakness
and muscle aches
Patient’s TTKG was 2.7
with a K of 5.7
Aldosterone was 22
The patient had been started
on a high dose of TMP/SMX
for a partially resistant
urinary tract infection
Two women with non-anion
gap metabolic acidosis
One with hypokalemia
One with hyperkalemia
Both with distal RTA