NON FINITE CLAUSE (SIC)

1. NON FINITE CLAUSE FOR STRUCTURE IN CONTEXT -BY- NUR NADHIRAH NASUHA BINTI ROZAIMI NIK AFRINA NABILA BINTI NIK ISMAIL SAYUMI NAKAMURA

2. Introduction A nonfinite clause   cannot function as a main clause and cannot stand on its own. It is sometimes described as a reduced clause. It may serve as a subject, or a complement to a verb, a noun or a preposition

3. EXAMPLES 　 I had something to eat before leaving. After having spent six hours at the hospital, they eventually came home. The person to ask about going to New Zealand is Beck. The boy located in the back got the teacher’s attention. Speaking in class is what he does best. He could go to the pool by bus.

4. FUNCTIONS To speak in class  is difficult for some children. (subject ) He  loves   to participate in class discussions . (verb complement ) Speaking in class  is what he does best. (subject)

5. He dislikes  sitting quietly.  (verb complement ) Prepared students  excel in class.  (pre-modifier) Students   encouraged by their teachers  do well.  (post-modifier)

6. TYPE OF NON FINITE CLAUSE There are five categories of non finite clause PRESENT PARTICIPLE PAST PARTICIPLE TO-INFINITIVE BARE INFINITIVE GERUND

7. PRESENT PARTICIPLE Present participle : verb /+ ing Present participle ends with - ing and represents an action that is going on or incomplete.

8. EXAMPLES We met a girl carrying a basket of flowers. I heard my dad going up the stairs. My mother is the lady weari ng the red hat. The singing bird was the main attraction of the event. The blind man, thinking all was save , tried to cross the road.

9. PAST PARTICIPLE Past participle use third form of verb and is usually ends in - ed , -d, -t,-en or - n . It indicates about the completion of task in past.

10. EXAMPLES He gave a written complaint . She showed us a plate of scones crammed with cream. Do not waste your time staring at a closed door. The candidate selected for this post is my brother. Driven by hunger, she stole an apple.

11. INFINITIVE To-Infinitive Bare Infinitive

12. TO-INFINITIVE Preceded by ‘to’ For example I need to run every day. To dance was her passion. Give him an ornament to polish . The officer returned to help .

13. Functions of To-Infinitive Nouns He likes to hunt . I need to go to sleep . To read is good for the mind. To summarize a report is helpful to some people. Jeff needs to study harder and to get to school on time.

14. Adjectives I need a volunteer to take the minutes . I don’t have time to eat . After breaking his leg, Dave had many obstacles to overcome . The teacher has a long teaching plan to make . Determination to win will bring the team success.

15. Adverbs I am going to the store to buy a 100-watt light bulb. The bus driver sounded his horn to warn the walkers. Eager to get home, Jack left from the hospital early in the day. Our neighbor, Jack Jones, returned home to recuperate from the heart attack.

16. BARE INFINITIVE Not preceded by ‘to’ Follows modal verbs ( Eg : can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, or would) Also follows other verbs ( Eg : feel, hear, help, let, make, see, and watch) A fter rather, better and had better Command sentences

17. EXAMPLES Modal Verbs (can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, or would) He can speak English. He should go home. They might finish by Wednesday. You must take a break. After the success of Windows 95, Microsoft could outsell any competitor.

18. Other verbs (feel, hear, help, let, make, see, and watch) We heard her sing . Mark helped his friend finish . I watched them bake the bread. She noticed him run away from the house. I saw you peep through the window of the teaching staff room.

19. Command sentences Be careful . Arrange the icons. Adjust the speaker volume. Shut down the system. Debug the program. Display the date. Click on the Find button to start the search. Select the appropriate programming language.

20. GERUNDS Noun  Verb End with – ing Even though all gerunds end with the suffix - ing , not every word which ends - ing is a gerund.

21. EXAMPLES Acting is fun. I hate running . Backstabbing people is exciting. Killing is a crime. Running the tap will clear the air pocket. One of his duties is attending meetings. My father decided against postponing his trip to Hungary .

22. FINITE VS NON FINITE FINITE NON FINITE Indicate person, number and tense Does not indicate person, number and tense Have a definite relation with the subject and can be changed according to tense Do not change but remain constant with the change in tense or number or person Types: Present Tense Past Tense Types: Present Participle Past Participle Infinitive Gerund Example: I spoke to Joan last night. He plays football every evening. Example: I have spoken to Joan about it . Playing football is what he does every morning.