Norma frontalis

1. Norma Frontalis

2. Norma Frontalis The anterior view of the skull. Presents an irregular surface with 3 excavations: 1. one nasal cavity 2. two orbital cavities.

3. Six Regions of Norma Frontalis Frontal Region Orbital Region Nasal Region Zygomatic Region Maxillary Region Mandibular Region.

4. I. The Frontal Region

5. Boundaries: Superior - top of the skull Inferior - orbits and root of the nose - frontal process of the maxillae Laterally - frontal process of the zygomatic bone.

6. Characteristics Features: Frontal Tuberosity or Eminence Superciliary Arch Glabella Nasion Supraorbital Margin Supraorbital Notch.

7. II. The Orbital Region

8. Bones involved: Maxilla Zygomatic Bone Sphenoid Bone Frontal Bone Palatine Bone Ethmoid Bone Lacrimal Bone.

9. Boundaries of the Orbital Cavity

10. Roof orbital plate of the frontal bone - lesser wings of sphenoid.

11. Lateral wall Zygomatic process of the frontal bone Orbital plate of the zygomatic bone Orbital plate of the greater wings of sphenoid.

12. Medial Wall Frontal process of the maxilla Lacrimal bone Orbital plate of ethmoid bone Body of sphenoid.

13. Floor Orbital plate of the maxilla Orbital plate of the zygomatic bone Orbital process of the palatine bone.

14. Base Superiorly – frontal bone Medially - frontal process of the maxilla Laterally - frontal process of the zygomatic bone Inferiorly - Maxilla medially - zygomatic bone laterally.

15. Apex - Formed by the convergence of the four walls.

16. Openings into the Orbital Cavity

17. Opening Location Structure Orbital opening 5/6 of the eyeball Supraorbital notch / foramen Superior margin Supraorbital nerves/vessels Infraorbital groove and canal Floor/orbital plate of maxilla Infraorbital nerve and blood vessels Nasolacrimal canal Medial wall Nasolacrimal duct

18. Opening Location Structure Inferior Orbital Fissure Between maxilla and greater wing of sphenoid Maxillary nerve and its zygomatic branch Inferior Opthalmic vein Sympathetic nerves

19. Opening Location Structure Superior Orbital Fissure Between greater and lesser wings of sphenoid Lacrimal N. Frontal N. Trochlear N. Occulomotor N. (upper and lower divisions) Abducent N. Superior Opthalmic Vein

20. Opening Location Structure Anterior Ethmoidal Foramen Frontal Bone Nasociliary N. Anterior Ethmoidal V. A. and N. Posterior Ethmoidal Foramen Frontal Bone Posterior Ethmoidal V., A. and N. Optic Canal Lesser Wing of Sphenoid Optic N. Opthalmic N.

21. III. The Nasal Region

22. Bones involved Nasal Bone Frontal Bone Ethmoid Bone Sphenoid Bone Vomer Maxilla Palatine Bone Lacrimal Bone Inferior nasal Concha .

23. Boundaries of the Nasal Cavity

24. Anterior – pyriform aperture Posterior - Pharynx thru the posterior nares .

25. Superior Wall 1. Anterior – nasal bone -nasal process of the frontal bone Middle - cribriform plate of ethmoid bone Posterior - body of the sphenoid

26. Median Wall Perpendicular plate of ethmoid Vomer .

27. Lateral Wall Contain turbinates or conchae which are bony elevations made up of: a. Superior and middle conchae of the ethmoid bone b. Inferior nasal conchae or turbinates Bounded by the posterior nares Contain meatuses between nasal conchaes .

28. The Paranasal Sinuses These are pneumatic bones surrounding the nasal cavity. Functions: Lighten the bone of the skull Resonating chambers.

29. Meatuses and Sinus Drainage of the Lateral Wall of the Nasal Cavity Meatus Sinus Drainage Supreme or highest nasal meatus or spheno-ethmoidal recess Sphenoidal sinus Superior Nasal Meatus Posterior ethmoidal sinus

30. Meatuses and Sinus Drainage of the Lateral Wall of the Nasal Cavity Meatus Sinus Drainage Middle nasal meatus Anterior and middle ethmoidal sinus; frontal sinus; and maxillary sinus Inferior nasal meatus Nasolacrimal duct

31. IV. The Zygomatic Region

32. forms the prominence of a cheek, contributes to the lateral orbital wall and floor, parts of the walls of temporal and infratemporal fossae and completes the zygomatic arch. roughly quadrangular with anteromedial and frontal processes. It can be described as having three surfaces, five borders and two processes.

33. Lateral View of the Zygomatic Bone The Three Processes of the Zygomatic Bone: Temporal process Frontal process Maxillary process

34. The Three Surfaces of the Zygomatic Bone

35. 1. Anterolateral Surface -is convex and pierced near its orbital border by the zygomaticofacial foramen (for the zygomaticofacial nerve and vessels); below this zygomaticus minor and, posteriorly , zygomaticus major are attached.

36. 2. Posteromedial Temporal Surface - has a rough anterior area for articulation with the maxilla and a smooth, concave posterior area extending up posteriorly on its frontal process as the anterior aspect of the temporal fossa .

37. 3. Orbital Surface - smooth and concave, is the anterolateral part of the orbital floor and adjoining lateral wall, extending up on the medial aspect of its frontal process.

38. The Five Borders of the Zygomatic Bone

39. Orbital Maxillary Temporal Posteroinferior Posteromedial

40. Openings of the Zygomatic Region

41. Foramen Location Structure Zycomatico -facial foramen Below the lateral part of the lower margin of the orbit zygomatigo-facial branch of the Zygomatic N. Lacrimal A. Zygomatico-temporal foramen Temporal process of the zygomatic bone Zygomatico -temporal N. and blood vessels

42. V. Maxillary Region

43. Characteristic Features: Anterior nasal spine Infraorbital foramen Canine fossa Subnasal /incisive fossae Canine emminence Jugum or zygomatico -alveolar arch Alveolar processes of the maxilla.

44. Lateral View of the Maxilla The 4 processes: Frontal process Zygomatic process Alveolar process Palatine process.

45. Openings of the Maxilla in Norma Frontalis

46. Opening Location Structure Infraorbital foramen Below the infraorbital margin Infraorbital N., A., and V. Alveolar processes Lower margin of the maxilla Roots of maxillary teeth

47. VI. The Mandibular Region

48. Involves the mandible which is the strongest bone of the face Houses the lower teeth Develops in 2 symmetrical halves which fuse and ossify in the first year of life.

49. Characteristic Features of the Mandible Symphisis menti Mental protruberance Alveolar processes Mental foramen.

50. Openings in the Mandible

51. r Opening Location Structure Mental foramen Between the apices of the mandibular premolars Mental nerve Alveolar processes Upper border of the mandible Roots of mandibular teeth Mandibular foramen Lingual side of the ramus of the mandible Mandibular N.