Normal constituents of Blood

This PPT give brief information about introduction to Pathology and also about types, function, clinical and morphological features of blood specifically about RBC, WBC and Platelet
Physiology of blood is also included

1. Normal constituents of blood and their structure and functions Presenter : K B PURUSHOTHAMA

2. Hematology Clinical pathology Histopathology Blood bank Cytology

3. Hematology : branch of biology, concerned with the study of blood, the blood forming organs and blood diseases . Clinical pathology : branch of pathology studying changes in chemical composition of body fluids.( physical & microscopic). Histopathology : deals with study of tissues. It is one of the important section of pathology, where the microscopic study of the tissues affected by the disease are carried out .

4. Blood banking : division of a hospital where the storage of blood products occurs and proper matching of donors and recipients blood Cytology : study of structure and function of cells

5. Blood plasma  is a light amber liquid component of  blood  that is freed from  blood cells, but holds  proteins  and other constituents of  whole blood  in  suspension. It makes up about 55% of the body's total blood volume The average adult weighing 60kg should have about 4.5 -5.5 liters of blood in there body.

6. FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD

7. RED BLOOD CELLS

8. MORPHOLOGY OF RBC Called as erythrocytes Erythropoiesis : Process which involves origin, development and maturation of erythrocytes Size: 7.2 micrometer in diameter Thickness: 2 micrometer Life span: 110- 120 days Red cell count Men:4.5- 5.5millions/ cumm Women:3.8-4.8 millions/ cumm

9. Structure Biconcave disc shape containing Hb and is bound by the red cells membrane Hb molecule is composed of iron containing pigment called heme and protein globin . Each molecule of heme consists of protoporhyrin with an iron atom . Heme synthesis occurs mainly in the mitochondria of normoblasts .

10. Different types of globin chains are produced during the embryonic, fetal and adult stages of development . In adults 4 types of globin chains are produced namely alpha, beta, gamma and delta. All normal Hb contains alpha chain . Fetal hemoglobin ( Hb F) is replaced by adult hemoglobin during the first year of life. Hemoglobin A( HbA ): It normally represents more than 95% of the hemoglobin in adult RBC’s.

11. Lipids contents: Cholesterol , phospholipids. Proteins: Spectrin , actin. Glycoplipids

12. Function RBC helps in carrying oxygen from lungs to every cells in the body . Transport carbon dioxide from tissues to the lungs . In blood group determination since RBC’s carries Antigen . Hemoglobin imparts red color to the RBC’s.

13. WHITE BLOOD CELLS Called as leukocytes. Myelopoiesis : Process which involves origin, development and maturation of leukocytes. These are the colorless and nucleated formed elements of blood. Total leukocyte count: 4000-11,000 cells/ cumm Based on the presence or absence of granules in the cytoplasm, WBC’s are classified into 2 types : Granulocytes: With granules Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils

14. Agranulocytes : Without granules Monocytes Lymphocytes

15. Neutrophils small purple cytoplasmic granules in the cytoplasm Nucleus is multilobed Contains 2-5 lobes Normal level: 40-70% Function: First line of defense against infections. Initial phagocytosis of bacteria and foreign body

16. Eosinophils Bilobed nucleus Cytoplasm shows specific orange/ red colored coarse granules. Normal level: 1-6 % Function : They participate in inflammatory responses associated with skin disease, allergic conditions and also killing the parasites

17. Basophils Multilobed nucleus Dark staining basophilic granules Normal level: < 1% Function: Play major role in Type 1 hypersensitivity reactions. Defense against the parasites.

18. Lymphocytes Morphology: Are subdivided depending on their size into Small and Large lymphocytes . Depending on their origin divided into : B-lymphocytes(bone marrow) T lymphocytes( thymus) Normal level: 20-40 %

19. Function: Consists of 2 types: B- LYMPHOCYTES: Antibody formation T- LYMPHOCYTES: Cell mediated immunity

20. Monocytes Pale greyish blue cytoplasm Nucleus is round to oval Normal level: 2-10 % Function: Phagocytosis Removes dead and damage cells Facilitate wound healing

21. Life span : Neutrophils: 2-5 days Eosinophils : 7-12 days Basophils: 12-15 days Monocytes: 2-5 days Lymphocytes: half – 1 day

22. Platelets Called as thrombocytes. Platelets come to play a central role in normal haemostasis . Megakaryopoiesis : Process which involves origin, development and maturation of platelets. Normal level: 1.5-4.5 lakhs/ cumm Life span: 8-10 days

23. Functions Role in blood clotting. Role in prevention of blood loss. Role in defense mechanism. Role in clot retraction.

24. Increased and decreased conditions RBC: Increase in the count of RBC is called as erythrocytosis . Eg : Polycythemia Decrease in the count of RBC is called as erythropenia . Eg : Anaemia

25. WBC : Increase in the count of WBC is called as leucocytosis . Usually due to Increase in the neutrophils, lymphocytes . Decrease in the count of WBC is called as leucopenia .

26. Neutrophilia : Acute bacterial infcetions Fungal infections Gangrene Tissue necrosis Neutropenia: Aplastic anemia Severe bacterial, viral infections Autoimmune disorders

27. Eosinophilia: Asthma Scabies Allergic reactions Basophilia : Diabetes mellitus Hypothyroidism Basophilic leukemic carcinoma

28. Basopenia : Hyperthyroidism Acute infection Lymphocytosis: Syphilis Chicken pox Leukemia

29. Lymphocytopenia : Radiation Aplastic anemia AIDS Monocytosis : Chronic inflammation Leukemia Autoimmune disorders

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