normal urine.pptx

laboratory methodology

1. NORMAL CONSTITUENTS OF URINE

2. Polyuria: Urine output more than 2.5lit/day Ex: GN , DI Oliguria: urine output less than 400 ml/day Ex: fever , liver diseases , hypovolemic state like diarrhea, vomiting , cardiac failure etc. Anuria- completer cessation of urine / less than 50 ml/day Ex: shock, mercury poisoning , acute renal failure etc. Ratio of day urine to night urine is 2:1 to 3:1 This ratio reversed or decrease in diseases Factors effecting the volume include excess intake of water, consumption of salt, tea , coffee and other beverages

3. Dark colored urine – increased concentration of urine in AGN Red colored – hematuria, hemoglobinuria, myoglobunria Yellow colored – jaundice Black/ brown- porphyria, PKU, Alkaptnuria Orange color – patients taking Rifampicin

4. Ketoacidosis: due to presence of ketone bodies

5. Decreased – D. Insipidus Increased- D. Mellitus

6. Test for chlorine Method: take 5 mL of urine + 5 drops of conc HNO 3 + 2 mL AgNO 3 Observation: curdy white PPT Inference chloride is precipitated as AgCl with AgNO 3 in presence of HNO 3

7. Method: 5 ml urine + 1 ml conc HCl + 5 ml Ba Cl2 Observation: white ppt Inference: Sulphates ppt as barium sulphate with barium chloride

8. Method: take 10ml urine add 2 ml of strong ammonium hydroxide . Boil and cool it , filter it and discard the filterate ; dissolve the ppt in 1% acetic acid and divide the solution into 2 parts. Take 1 part and add 3 ml arsenomolybdic then add 1 ml of conc HNO 3 and heat it. Observation: fine yellow crystals are formed Inference: indicate the presence of phosphates

9. Method: To the 2 nd part of ppt prepared above add 2 ml of potassium oxalate. Observation : white ppt is observed Inference : indicates the presences of calcium

10. Method: Take 10 ml of urine and add 2 drops of N/10 NaOH . Heat it dip a glass rod in phenophthaline and keep it near the mouth of test tube Observation: white fumes are observed and phenopthalene red turns pink. Inference: indicates the presence of ammonia

11. ETHERAL SULPHATES Normal -0.06-0.12 gm/day Increased levels : seen in cysteinuria , homocystinuria and cyanide posioning Observation: white ppt is observed Inference: indicates the presence of etheral sulphates

12. Principle : urea present in urine reacts with Na hypobromide and liberates N2 in the form of bubbles along with H 2 O and CO 2 ; liberated N2 produces brisk effervescence Urea+NaOBr -------------------- NaBr+CO2+N2

13. Sodium Hypobromide test: : Experiment Observation Inference Take 3 ml of urea solution(urine) and add 3-4 drops of Na Hypobromide Brisk effervescence is observed Indicates the presence of urea

14. Specific urease test: : Experiment Observation Inference 5 ml of urea solution(urine) is taken in a test tube and add 1-2 drops of phenophtahline then add 1-2 drops of 1% CH3COOH . Now this solution is divided equally into 2 test tubes and name as T and other C . To the C test tube add 2 ml of boiled urease sol and to T test tube add 2 ml of unboiled ureses sol, keep both in water at 37 C for 15 min. C test tube shows no colour change as the enzyme is inactive T test tube shows pink colour due to enzyme action Indicates the presence of urea

15. Principle: Phenophthaline indicator in alkaline medium gives pink colour , in acidic medium it is colourless . Urea is hydrolysed by enzyme urease to NH 3. which gives pink colour in alkaline medium. T test tube and C test tube is colourless as urease is not hydrolysed to NH 3 . Source: Jacl beans, soyabeans , Horsegram

16. Jaffes method: Experiment Observation Inference Take 3 ml of creatinine solution(urine) in a test tube label it as T. In another test tube take 3 ml of distilled water and label it as C . Add 1 ml of picric acid to both test tubes. Then add 1 ml of 0.75 N NaOH to both test tube. Mix well and wait for 3 mins Deep orange colour is observed in T test tube yellow colour is observed in C test tube Creatinine react s with icric acid to form creatinine icrate . Indicates presence of creatinine

17. Creatinine reacts with picric acid to form creatinine pictrate which turns to deep orange in alkaline medium

18. Uric acid is strong reducing agent in alkaline medium . Uric acid reduces AgNO 3 to Ag 2 O which is black in colour .

19. Benedicts uric acid test: Experiment Observation Inference Take 2 ml of uric acid (urine) solution . Add pinch of Na2 Co3. Mix well and then ass 2 drops of Benedicts uric acid reagent Deep blue colour is observed Indicates the presence of uric acid

20. Composition: phosphoric acid, Arsenic acid , HCl and sodium tungstate In alkaline medium , uric acid reduces phosphtungstic acid to tungsten blue and it oxidises to allantoin . Uric acid is strong redcing agent

21. Schiff test: Experiment Observation Inference Take 2 ml of uric acid (urine)in a test tube add 2 ml of Na2 CO3. Take a filter paper and sock it with Ag NO3 then add 1-2 drops of solution which we have taken in test tube to it Colourless filter paper turns to black Indicates the presence of uric acid