NOTABLE EPIDEMICS OF PAST AND RECENT TIME.pptx

Notable epidemic and past and recent

1. NOTABLE EPIDEMICS OF PAST AND RECENT TIME ROLL NO -106-110

2. EPIDEMIC -The occurrence in a community or region of cases of an illness ,specific health related behaviour or other health related events clearly in excess of normal expectancy. Notable epidemic across the globe – Ebola Virus Epidemic Country-West Africa (2014-2016) Cases:~28000 Agent:Ebola virus Transmission:direct contect with blood /body product Responses:isolation,safe burials ,community engagement,ring vaccination

3. Zika virus Epidemic (2015-2016) Region:Brazil,Latin America,Caribben,SE Asia Causes:Zika virus (Flavivirus) Transmission: Aedes mosquito, sexual, verticai Key Concern: Microcephaly and congenital Zika syndrome Response: Vector control, travel advisories, reproductive counselling. Yellow Fever Epidemic : Region: Angola(2016),Brazil(2017-18) Agent : Yellow fever virus (Flavivirus)

4. Transmission:Aedes mosquito Cases:Thousands,several hundred deaths Responses:Mass vaccination, Vector control,international vaccination certificate required Cholera Epidemics (2016-2023 ) Country:Yemen Agent:Vibrio cholera Cases:~2.5million Death:~4000 Reasons: Ors,oral cholera vaccine ,WASH measures

5. Diptheria Epidemics: Reagion:Venezuela,Yemen,Bangladesh Cause:Cornybacterium diphtheria. Transmission:Droplets,close contect Reason:Low immunization due to conflict Control:Antibiotics+diphtheria antitoxin,vaccination

6. Measles epidemics (2018-2020) Countries affected :- DR Congo (~6,000 deaths in 2019) Madagascar, Ukraine, Philippines, Samoa Cause of epidemic : Decline in vaccine coverage, especially 1 st dose (MCV1) and 2 nd dose (MCV2) Vaccine hesitancy and misinformation. Poor health system in conflict and refugee settings. Delayed or missed campaigns.

7. Lassa Fever Epidemics – Nigeria (Annual) Response : WHO and UNICEF initiated emergency immunization campaigns. Vitamin A supplementation in affected areas. Integration of measles campaigns with COVID 19 catch up vaccination in 2021. Years: 2018–2024 (seasonal spikes Jan–April) Agent: Lassa virus (Arenavirus) Transmission: Contact with rodent excreta, human-to-human Mortality: 1–15% Response: Ribavirin, isolation, rodent control

8. H1N1 Influenza Epidemics Notable Countries: India, Iran, USA, Egypt Years: 2015, 2017, 2019, 2023 (seasonal spikes) Symptoms: Fever, sore throat, pneumonia Control: Oseltamivir, seasonal flu vaccination

9. Marburg Virus Outbreaks (2023) Regions: Equatorial Guinea and Tanzania Agent: Marburg virus (similar to Ebola) Cases: Dozens Mortality: ~80% Response: Isolation, outbreak containment

10. Polio Epidemics (Vaccine-Derived + Wild Type) Regions: Afghanistan, Pakistan, Africa Type: CVDPV (Circulating Vaccine-Derived Poliovirus) Cause: Mutated OPV strain in low-coverage areas Response: Switch to IPV + targeted vaccination campaigns

11. Dengue Epidemics Regions: Southeast Asia, Latin America, Pacific Islands Years: 2015, 2019, 2023 (major peaks) Cause: Dengue virus (4 serotypes, Flavivirus) Deaths: Thousands globally Control: Vector control, Dengvaxia vaccine (limited use), supportive care

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