Noun,pronoun, adjective with types .pptx

Basic English Grammar

1. PARTS OF SPEECH AND THEIR SUBTYPES CLASS 9 TH C Ms. Khadija Umar

2. Parts of Speech Nouns: words that represent people, places, things, or ideas. Adjective: word that describes or modifies a noun/pronoun (good, pretty etc.) Pronoun: A word that takes the place of a noun in a sentence. (e.g. I, you, he, she, it, they, etc ) Verbs: words that express action or a state of being (e.g. run, write). Adverbs: words that describe or modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs (e.g. quickly, very). Prepositions: words that show the relationship between a noun or pronoun and other words in a sentence (e.g. in, on, under). Conjunctions: words that connect words, phrases, or clauses (e.g. and, but, or). Interjections: words that express strong emotions or feelings (e.g. wow, oh no!).

3. Noun A noun is a word that refers to a person, place, thing, or idea. It is one of the most basic parts of speech and is used to identify and describe objects, people, and concepts in language. Types of Nouns Common Nouns: These are general nouns that refer to a group of people, places, or things. Examples include 'cat', 'city', ‘boy’ and 'book'. Proper Nouns: These are specific nouns that refer to a particular person, place, or thing. Examples include 'John', 'New York', and 'The Great Gatsby'. Abstract Nouns: These are nouns that refer to abstract concepts or ideas, such as 'love', 'happiness', and 'freedom'. Concrete Nouns: These are nouns that refer to tangible objects that can be seen or touched, such as 'book', 'chair', and 'car'. Collective Nouns: These are nouns that refer to a group of people or things, such as 'team', 'family', and 'flock'. Countable and Uncountable nouns: Nouns having plural forms and no plural forms.

4. Common Nouns Common nouns are general names for people, places, things, or ideas. They are not capitalized unless they begin a sentence. Examples include: dog: a common noun that refers to any dog city : a common noun that refers to any city book : a common noun that refers to any book Proper Nouns Proper nouns are specific names for people, places, things, or ideas. They are always capitalized. Examples include: Thomas: a proper noun that refers to a specific person Paris : a proper noun that refers to a specific city Harry Potter : a proper noun that refers to a specific book Collective Nouns Collective nouns are words that represent a group of people, animals, or things (as a single unit). They are often used to describe a collection of things or individuals. Note that the collective noun for specific group is treated as singular. A herd of sheep A pride of lion A swarm of bees.

5. Abstract Nouns Abstract nouns are words that represent ideas, concepts, quality, state or feelings. They cannot be heard, seen or touched, and are often used to describe intangible things (which do not have physical existence). They aren’t present in some shape or form. Honesty is always the best policy. Freedom is a fundamental human. Knowledge is power. He is known for his bravery. Concrete Nouns Concrete nouns are words that represent physical objects or things that can be perceived with the five senses (touch, hearing, sight, smell, and taste). They are often used to describe tangible things (which have physical existence). They are present in some shape or form. Book, pencil etc.

6. Countable Nouns Countables Names of the objects, people etc. that we can count e.g. apple, toy, pen etc. Uncountable Nouns Uncountables Names of things which we cannot count e.g. milk, sugar, water, slavery, honesty etc. They mainly denote substances and abstract things.

7. Pronoun: A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun in a sentence. The replaced noun becomes “antecedent” of the pronoun. It is used to avoid repetition and to make the sentence more concise and clear. Pronouns can be personal (I, you, he, she, it, we, they), possessive (my, your, his, her, its, our, their), reflexive (myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves), demonstrative (this, that, these, those), interrogative (who, whom, whose, what, which), or indefinite (one, some, any, all). Personal pronouns are used to refer to specific people or things. They can be subject pronouns, object pronouns, or possessive pronouns. Subject Pronouns: I, you, he, she, it, we, they Object Pronouns: me, you, him, her, it, us, them Possessive Pronouns: mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs Indefinite Pronouns Indefinite pronouns refer to non-specific or unknown noun like people/things and unknown amount of noun like anyone, someone, everyone, nobody etc. Anyone  can play this game Someone called for you. Everybody enjoyed the party. Nobody is here. (Replacing unknown noun) Both  are great choices to wear tonight. ( Both  could mean dresses, jackets, outfits, shirts, etc ) Relative Pronouns A relative pronoun is one which is used to refer to nouns mentioned previously, whether they are people, places, things, animals, or ideas. Relative pronouns can be used to join two sentences. The book,  when  it was finally returned, was torn and stained. The store, where  we usually buy all of our art supplies, burned to the ground. The cyclist  who  won the race trained hard. Personal Pronouns

8. Pronoun: An interrogative pronoun is a  pronoun  that is used to substitute a person or an object when asking a question. It refers to something or someone (While questioning). ‘Who’ is used in question for the subject pronoun. Who is calling you? Who  was the keynote speaker?  ‘Whom’ is used for an object pronoun. Whom  did you speak to? Whom the police arrested? ‘Whose’ is used for a possessive pronoun. Whose  is this black bag? ‘what’ and ‘which’ can be used in multiple ways to refer to both people and things. They are used in a question “generally”. What  did you find on the porch? (Referring to an object) What  is your name? (Referring to a person) Which  is your favourite story? (Referring to an object) Which  is the guy you were talking to yesterday? (Referring to a person) Which  one of you did not do your homework? (Referring to a person) Which  one do you like better? The red one or the yellow one? (Referring to an object) Interrogative Pronouns NOTE: Interrogative pronouns refer to/emphasize any noun (person or object) so there will be NO NOUN after it. This makes it different from interrogative adjectives.

9. Pronoun: Demonstrative pronouns are used to point to specific people or things. They include this, that, these, and those. Examples: This is my book. What's that ? Those are unique. Possessive Pronouns Possessive pronouns show ownership or possession. They do not require an apostrophe. Examples: mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs The book is mine . The pen is yours . Reflexive Pronouns Reflexive pronouns end in - self  or - selves . They refer back to the subject forms of personal pronouns like: he=himself, she=herself I=myself, We=ourselves It=itself, You=yourself/selves They=themselves We  didn’t decorate it  ourselves . Demonstrative Pronouns

10. Reflexive pronouns for same subject and object We often use reflexive pronouns when the subject and the object of the verb refer to the same person or thing: He  cut  himself on the broken glass. She  made  herself a cup of tea and sat down in front of the television. Parents  often blame themselves  for the way their children behave. Reflexive pronoun are used to make it clear who or what is being referred to. Marry looked at  herself  in the mirror. The subject and the object are the same. Lina looked at  her  in the mirror. The subject and the object are different. Lina is looking at someone else in the mirror

11. Reflexive pronouns for emphasis Emphatic Pronouns R eflexive pronouns can be used for emphasis (often referred to as emphatic pronouns): The director of the company himself wrote an apology for the dreadful service. Parents and teachers always pass on to children what they themselves have been told. Reflexive pronouns + by (meaning alone) We often use reflexive pronouns with by to mean ‘alone’ or ‘without any help’: Why don’t you go  by yourself? The children made the entire meal  by themselves.

12. Reciprocal Pronouns The term, ‘reciprocal’ is defined as “involving two people or groups who agree to help each other or behave in the same way to each other” Reciprocal pronouns are used when two or more people do the same thing. Reciprocal pronouns are words that are used to indicate a mutual relationship between two subjects or objects. ‘Each other’ and ‘one another’ are the only two reciprocal pronouns in the English language. John and Mary criticized each other. (John criticized Mary, and Mary criticized John) Old and young disbelieve  one another's truths. They gave  each other  presents. The members of the team supported one another.

13. Adjectives They modify/describe/qualify a noun or pronoun. They can be attributive (occurring before the noun) or predicative (occurring after the noun). They provide more information about a noun or pronoun. Descriptive adjectives are used to describe the physical appearance, size, shape, color, and other qualities of a noun. They provide more information about the noun and help the reader or listener to visualize it better. The beautiful flowers bloomed in the garden. He wore a red shirt to the party. The tall building stood in the city center. Interrogative Adjectives Words that modify a noun/pronoun and ask a question. I forgot to ask her which dress I was supposed to buy. What  town did they move to? Whose  party are we going to? Quantitative Adjectives Quantitative adjectives are used to describe the quantity or amount of a noun. They can be used to indicate the number of items, the size, or the degree of a quality. The room is wide/small . We moved to a bigger house. Few people visited this place Four boys were expelled from school. Descriptive Adjectives

14. Adjectives Qualitative adjectives are used to describe the quality or characteristic of a noun. They can be used to indicate the degree of a quality, such as good, bad, or excellent. The woods are dark. He is a person with good manners. Demonstrative Adjectives Demonstrative adjectives are used to indicate which noun is being referred to. They can be used to indicate which of three or more nouns is being referred to, or to indicate which noun is being referred to in a list. Pass me this pen. Show me those designs. That book belongs to me. Possessive Adjectives Possessive adjectives show something belongs to somebody: That's  our house . My car  is very old. They show relations and friends: My mother  is a doctor. How old is  your sister ? Or parts of the body: He's broken  his arm . She's washing  her hair . I need to clean  my teeth . Qualitative Adjectives