Nuclear Physics and Stability of Nucleus

Give s and deeper idea about the Nucleons and how the nucleus is stable

1. Nuclear Structure Stability Muqadass Tahir (L1F20BSPH0033)

2. Start

3. Nuclear Models Liquid drop model  Shell model  Nuclear forces

4. Binding energy (Achieving Stability)        Einstein's  mass–energy equation E = mc 2 The distance at which the attraction caused by the strong nuclear force can win over the electromagnetic force, repelling protons . (1-2 fm) Calculation of Mass-defect

5. Stability in Higher Elements (>82) Radioactive decay processes: alpha decay, beta decay, gamma decay acts as Stability Processes

6. Half-Life These achievements gave the idea of half-life of Nucleus which solved the 1807 astonishing discovery of radioactive decay after a century.

7. Stability of Nucleus Muhammad Ahmad (L1F20BSPH0040)

8. Binding energy / Nucleon The ratio of a nucleus's binding energy to the number of nucleons in that nucleus

9. Example 7.6 Mev

10. N/P ratio The ratio of neutrons to protons in a nucleus determines its stability                                         1:1                   (>20) Valley of Stability

11. The concept of Magic Numbers   number of nucleons that are arranged into complete shells within the atomic nucleus (2, 8, 20, 28, 50, 82,  126) K = 2, L = 8, M = 18, N = 32

12. Radiations Alpha , Beta , Gamma , Electron Capture

13. Parity of Nucleus Sana Quershi (L1F20BSPH0027)

14. In QM every moving particle has a wave associated with it Parity of nucleus refers to the behavior of w ( psi ) as a result of inversion of coordinates

15. Definition Parity is a symmetry property of nuclei that reflects their behavior under mirror reflection                                                                                  Parity is given (-1) l l is the angular momentum of the nucleon

16. Odd & Even   w ( x, y, z ) = w ( x, y, z )                   w ( x, y, z ) = - w ( x, y, z )

17. Conservation of Parity Parity conservation is  a principle in physics that states that two mirror images of each other should act the same left-spinning and right-spinning particles should act the same

18. Violation (Wu Experiment) 1956 by the Chinese American physicist Chien-Shiung Wu the mirror image of the decay is different from the actual decay This result violated the law of conservation of Parity The interaction between the spin-up and spin-down protons and neutrons in a nucleus makes it hold more tightly. 

19. Applications Abdulhannan Mirza (L1F20BSPH0016)

20. Power Plants Nuclear stability is crucial for the development and operation of nuclear power plants. The stability of radioactive isotopes determines their suitability for use as nuclear fuel, ensuring sustained energy production while minimizing the risk of accidents.

21. Medicine  Nuclear medicine, the stability of radioisotopes is essential for diagnostic and therapeutic applications. Radioactive isotopes with specific decay rates and radiation emissions are used for medical imaging, such as PET scans cancer treatment

22. Nuclear Astrophysics Nuclear stability plays a critical role in understanding the processes that power stars and the formation of heavy elements in the universe The stability of nuclei governs nuclear fusion reactions that occur in stars, and knowledge of these processes is essential for modeling stellar evolution and nucleosynthesis

23. Material Science Nuclear stability has implications for material science, particularly in the development of advanced materials with tailored properties. Understanding the relationship between nuclear stability and material properties can lead to the creation of new materials with enhanced radiation resistance and other desirable properties.

24. Thank You