Nursing research unit 8 part-1)

B.SC NURSING III YEAR

1. COMMUNICATION AND UTILISATION OF RESEARCH FINDINGS MRS.AKILA.A, M.Sc (N); M.Sc (PSY) ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR

2. INTRODUCTION Any research cannot be a successful one, without publishing the findings to the community. This is the last step in the research process which helps to share the results. Dissemination is a planned process that involves consideration of target audiences and the settings in which research findings are to be received and, where appropriate, communicating and interacting with wider policy and health service audiences in ways that will facilitate research uptake in decision‐making processes .

3. Communication of the research findings is carried out through the dissemination of the empirical research evidences generated through the research study. The process of dissemination is achieved through either in a written or oral form, In research, if a researcher narrates a detailed information about the whole process of research is as theses, dissserations , research articles, scientific papers ,etc; known as written form of communication, whereas oral communication of the research findings is achieved through the presentation of the final results and effects through either oral scientific paper or poster presentation.

4. FINDINGS OF THE STUDY : The findings of the study are the presentation of the results in the form of data or facts. The reporting of the data is an objective process – no opinions. (Data are plural. Datum is singular.) Findings are written in the past tense and are the results of data analysis. They also include a description of the study sample and whether any subjects have dropped out. Descriptive statistics are always used, but inferential statistics are only used where hypotheses are tested or research questions are posed.

5. CRITERIA FOR COMMUNICATING THE RESEARCH: Selecting Proper Channel for communicating Knowing the consumers Developing an effective plan for writing research report: - Decide an authorship -Deciding about the content - Preparing outline of report Careful selection of journal for publication of a report Careful review of the author’s manuscript guidelines

6. METHODS OF COMMUNICATION OF RESEARCH Communication of research findings must be carried out through methods that are fast and have a wide range of coverage to disseminate the research evidences among Professionals. Generally, research findings are disseminated through following methods: Written Reports Oral Reports / verbal reports Poster Presentation

7. A  research report  is a well-crafted document that outlines the processes, data, and findings of a systematic investigation. It is an important document that serves as a first-hand account of the  research  process, and it is typically considered as an objective and accurate source of information

8. CHARACTERISTICS OF GOOD RESEARCH REPORT Conciseness, Clarity, Honesty, completeness and accuracy. Long enough to cover the subject content and short enough to maintain interest. It must be written and presented logically. Terminologies should be avoided. Should be lucid and visually attractive. originality

9. Ways to Communication outlet - Oral presentation An oral presentation should give the most important information first, leaving the details for last (in case the audience is asleep by then). A presentation should tell a story, keeping in mind the check-list - "Who? What? When? Where? and Why?"

10. There are three key ingredients for making a good presentation: preparation, preparation, preparation. For starters, one must know the material thoroughly, which means knowing a lot more than they actually present. Think of the presentation as the tip of an iceberg : the submerged part of the iceberg, which is the much larger part, as everything the person leave out. If know the material better , the more relaxed and confident one will feel in front of the audience

11. a 15-minute presentation is equivalent to about six typed pages and doubled spaced; a 10-minute presentation is equivalent to about four pages.

12. Preparing the audiovisuals For a 15-minute presentation of research, the slides might be as follows: ( 1) title/author (2-3) key points (equivalent to an abstract; putting the most important information first); (4-5) background and importance of problem (introduction), (6-9) what the author did (methods and materials), (10-13) what the author found out (results ) and (1 4-15) importance of the findings (discussion).

13. Tips for good slides. S ame type fonts, same spacing, same use of color. Text should be at least 28 points in size (one-half cm high). Titles should be larger. Follow the 6 x 6 rule: a maximum of six lines per overhead and six words per line. Think in terms of a title followed by a bulleted list. Use short, active phrases only, not complete sentences

14. Chart or Table Each chart should make one simple point. Use a maximum of four lines per line chart (three is better), six bars per bar chart (four is better). Keep labels to the minimum necessary, and keep all the charts in two dimensions (no cute, but misleading, perspective effects). Charts are better than tables

15. WRITTEN REPORT A common and affordable way to share the research findings. P articularly useful when aiming to increase awareness or knowledge about new information . Researchers typically publish their findings in peer-reviewed journals, but should also produce reports for different target audiences (e.g., funding agencies, participants, service providers, and policy makers) or in formats that are more “reader” friendly (e.g.: project report, in brief )

16. Skills can be developed informally by Reading and carefully analyzing current literature Writing papers and submitting them for peer review and critique.

17. WRITE SCIENTIFIC ARTICLES..... Researchers should : Determine the present state-of-affairs and/or problems Formulate relevant questions Design methods to answer the questions Use the methods to collect data Look for relationships among the data Used the relationships to answer the questions Determine the next relevant questions Communicate it all to others

18. Writing the research report Writing thesis/dissertation Writing the scientific paper for journal

19. Scientific Writing Made Easy The Bulletin of the Ecological Society of America, Volume: 97, Issue: 4, Pages: 417-426, First published: 03 October 2016, DOI: (10.1002/bes2.1258)

20. THE IMRAD FORMAT FOR SCIENTIFIC PAPERS   Introduction: What was the question? Methods: How did you try to answer it? Results: What did you find? And Discussion: What does it mean?

21. Most scientific writing is divided into distinct sections: Title Abstract ,key words Introduction Methods Results Discussion References Tables and figures

22. TITLE A good title is defined as the fewest possible words that adequately describe the contents of the paper. The title is extremely important and must be chosen with great care as it will be read by thousands, whereas few will read the entire paper Indexing and abstracting of the paper depends on the accuracy of the title. An improperly titled paper will get lost and will never be read.

23. Titles should neither be too short nor too long as to be meaningless It should contain the keywords that reflect the contents of the paper. It should be meaningful and not general It should be concise, specific and informative It should capture the fundamental nature of the experiments and findings

24. How to Prepare the Title Make a list of the most important keywords Think of a title that contains these words The title could state the conclusion of the paper The title NEVER contains abbreviations, chemical formulas, proprietary names or jargon Think, rethink of the title before submitting the paper Be very careful of the grammatical errors due to faulty word order

25. THE ABSTRACT Defined as a summary of the information in a document Written clearly and simply, as it is the first and sometimes the only part of the manuscript read. Provide a brief summary of each of the main sections (IMRAD) of the paper: State the principal objective and scope of the investigation Describe the methods used Summarize the results, and State the principal conclusions It is easier to write the abstract after completion of the paper

26. CRITERIA OF THE ABSTRACT It should not exceed 200 words It should be written in one paragraph. It should be written in the past tense as it refers to work done. It should not cite any references (except in rare cases) It should never give any information or conclusion that is not stated in the paper Must be accurate with respect to figures quoted in the main text.

27. IMRAD I = Introduction, what question (problem) was studied M = Methods, how was the problem studied R = Results, what are the findings A = and D = Discussion, what do these findings mean

28. INTRODUCTION Content outline Research problem Significance of the problem Research purpose / objectives, hypothesis if applicable Brief literature review, frame work Any underlying assumptions

29. INTRODUCTION The introduction should answer the following questions: What was I studying? Why was this an important question? What did I know about this topic before I did this study? What model was I testing? and What approach did I take in this study?

30. General rules Use the present tense when referring to work that has already been published, but past tense when referring to your own study. Use the active voice as much as possible Avoid lengthy or unfocused reviews of previous research. Cite peer-reviewed scientific literature or scholarly reviews. Avoid general reference works such as textbooks. Define any specialized terms or abbreviations

31. Introduction is written in a funnel shaped structure (Broad to specific) End point of introduction should be concise delineation of the research question / hypothesis Extensive literature review in thesis / dissertation Concise for journal articles (10 – 15 sources, 2 – 3 paras) Framework - Major concepts - Relationships described - A map or a model to clarify the logic

32. METHODS SECTION Describe how the study was conducted Description of research methods used Detailed in dissertation / thesis Concise in scientific papers Content outline Research design Sample & setting Data collection instruments Procedures Data analysis

33. How to write the Materials and Methods section Provide full details so that the experiments are reproducible Organize the methods under subheadings, with related methods described together (e.g. subjects, experimental design, Measurement of…, Hormonal assays etc…). Describe the experimental design in detail Do not mix some of the Results in this section Write in the past tense

34. MATERIAL Must identify accurately experimental animals, plants, and microorganisms used by genus, species and strain The source of subjects studied, number of individuals in each group used, their sex, age, and weight must be clearly stated If human subjects are used, the criteria for selection should be described, and consent For chemicals used, include exact technical specifications and source or method of preparation. Avoid the use of trade names of chemicals, generic or chemical names are preferred.

35. METHODS This part of the manuscript must be clear, precise and concise so that it can be reproducible If the method is new, all details must be provided If the method has been previously published in a scientific journal, only the reference should be given with some identification: e.g. “cells were broken by ultrasonic treatment as previously described by …”. Preferable than “cells were broken as previously described by …. “ Questions such as “how” or “how much” must be answered and not left to be puzzled over Methods used for statistical analyses must be mentioned; ordinary ones without comments, but advanced or unusual ones require literature citation

36. Data collection & instruments Describe the study instruments & rationale for use If developed by the researcher, describe process of development, methods used, pre testing, revisions made, scoring procedure Information regarding validity and reliability

37. Pilot study Explain the planning and implementation briefly Specify any modifications made

38. Procedures – Data collection process Steps used to collect data In observational study – explain the process, who conducted, where was it conducted, and what duration. In Experimental study – Explain intervention, how and by whom was it carried out Specify steps taken to protect human subjects

39. ANALYSIS Describe analytical procedures used Mention the statistical tests used State the level of significance

40. Methods of presenting the data Directly in the text In a table In a figure All figures and tables must be accompanied by a textual presentation of the key findings Never have a table or figure that is not mentioned in the text

41. Tables and figures Tables are appropriate for large or complicated data sets that would be difficult to explain clearly in text. Figures are appropriate for data sets that exhibit trends, patterns, or relationships that are best conveyed visually. Any table or figure must be sufficiently described by its title and caption or legend, to be understandable without reading the main text of the results section. Do not include both a table and a figure showing the same information

42. Categorical variable only put data presentation about frequency or percentage table

43. Numerical variables contains MST (mean, median, modus) and distribution SD, range, IQR, etc) Notes Data with normal distribution use mean and SD Data with not normal distribution use median and IQR table

44. graph

45. RESULTS Results section is written in the past tense It is the core or heart of the paper It needs to be clearly and simply stated since it constitutes the new knowledge contributed to the world The purpose of this section is to summarize and illustrate the findings in an orderly and logical sequence, without interpretation The text should guide the reader through the findings, stressing the major points Do not describe methods that have already been described in the M&M section or that have been inadvertently omitted

46. DISCUSSION It is the hardest section to write. Its primary purpose is to show the relationships among observed facts It should end with a short summary or conclusion regarding the significance of the work.

47. Components of the discussion Try to present the principles, relationships, and generalizations shown by the Results Point out any exceptions or any lack of correlation and define unsettled points Show how the results and interpretations agree or contrast with previously published work Discuss the theoretical implications of the work, and any possible practical applications. State the conclusions as clearly as possible Summarize the evidence for each conclusion

48. Ethics, Rights and Permissions Beware of originality and copyrights of others. Do not copy anything without giving the credit to the owner by referencing it. In some cases permissions are needed Repetitive publication of the same data is considered plagiarism

49. Major Findings Findings related to research problem, objectives or hypotheses Comparison of findings with relevant research and with existing theoretical base Never conclude saying data proved, confirmed or hypothesis correct or incorrect Correct way of stating : hypothesis supported or not supported, accepted or rejected

50. Limitations Include factors such as the inherent weakness Acknowledging limitations strengthen the presentation of the findings Generalizability of findings is influenced by the limitations

51. CONCLUSION Highlights the value of the work The contribution that have made toward solving the problem mentioned at the beginning of the introduction Should correlate with the research objective New directions for further research New research question?

52. IMPLICATIONS This gives the researcher the opportunity to be creative – give the meaning of the conclusions for the body of knowledge, for theory and for practice. It contains suggestions for making changes, for implementing findings, for further studies, and for incorporation into the body of knowledge of nursing and other disciplines.

53. RECOMMENDATION Recommendation should be put forward to implement the results of the study toward the beneficiary of the study. Logical extensions of the study – answers the question “What comes next?” Replication of the study – maybe a different sampling or setting. If these are not done, implementation of research findings are seriously hampered.

54. Ways to Communication outlet - poster presentation Poster is attractive in terms of design, layout and neatness. Graphics are easily viewed and related to the topic, making the material easy to understand. Fonts are easy-to-read and vary appropriately for headings and text. ... Text is appropriate in length for audience and to the point of the project.

55. Good poster should have 1 ) A catchy title. 2) An introduction. 3) An overview of the methods.. 4) Results/discussion. 5) A strong conclusion.. 6) A references section. 7) Acknowledgements.

56. Tips for making your poster stand out Less is more The text of a poster should have its own visual appeal. The text must be neatly arranged in 2 to 4 columns on a poster that's about 91 cm by 122 cm. The font should be consistent throughout, and must be clear and easy to read (not something like Comic Sans), and should be at least 24 points.

57. Tips for making your poster stand out The poster should be printed to the maximum size allowed by the conference, and the title should be large and legible from a distance. The subheadings — which should also be clear and visible — should say something more dynamic Results- The heading for the results section should hint at that finding. Visually attractive posters tend to have substantial borders and significant gaps between text blocks.

58. Tips for making your poster stand out (cont.…) 2. The right tool for the job Use vector-based graphics programs such as Inkscape or Adobe Illustrator. Images and text can thus be scaled up without loss of clarity. These programs can also smoothly align text and captions. 

59. Tips for making your poster stand out 3. Presenting the Poster Prepare several different versions of one's talking points Involve the audience by being open and enthusiastic. The combination of a clear poster and passionate presentation works best, because people will understand your work and get excited.

60. 4. Know your audience and the context ▪ Peers ▪ Colleagues familiar with your work ▪ Experts in your field ▪ Experts in a separate but related field ▪ Non-scientific or non-medical community

61. Someone stops at your poster: Introduce yourself  Proceed with the “stairwell” conversation If they appear interested: Offer to walk them through the key results  Proceed with the “tea time” conversation If they are still listening, asking questions: Emphasize the conclusions/implications  Proceed with the “thesis dissertation”

62. COMPONENTS OF A SCIENTIFIC POSTER A descriptive title in large font, often referencing the study design Authors names and institutions Abstract Optional to include Background Methods Results Results Data x y 1 4 7 2 5 8 3 6 9 Results Conclusions Implications Support/ Contact Photo People read here

63. Choose the right color font/ background Or else you will lose your audience (this font is too small ) Black font / white background Yellow font/ blue background Black font/ yellow background 24 point font is the smallest to use (practice projecting presentation with a colleague before)

64. REFERENCE STYLES Harvard style Vancouver style APA style

65. APA (AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION)STYLE Eg:Book Morales, L. (1987). The history of Cuba . New York: Franklin Watts. Ellington, W., Jr., & Henrickson , E.B. (1995). The elements of dance (3rd ed.). New York: Macmillan. Book Chapter Tizol , W.P. (1976). Brain function and memory. In J.M.O. Corney & H.L. Center (Eds.), An inside look at what we think we know. (pp. 154-184). Springfield, IL: American Psychiatric Press. Journal Article Bauza,R.H . (1982). Manitobanematodes . Journal of Cool Nematodes, 10, 252-264. Gillespie, R.C., & Tupac , R.M. (1976). How confident people dance. American Dancing, 225, 82-90. Magazine Article Pozo , E. R. (2008, November 19). The way she loved me. Personal Literature, 290, 1113- 1120.

66. VANCOUVER STYLE OF REFERENCE WRITING Books : Author/editor AA. Title: subtitle. Edition (if not the first). Vol. (if a multivolume work). Place of publication: Publishers; Year. Page number(s). Parts of a Book: Author of part, AA. Title of chapter or part. In: Editor A, Editor B, Title: subtitle of Book. Edition (if not the first). Place of publication: Publishers; Year. Page number(s). Journal Articles: Author of article AA, Author of article BB, Author of article CC. Title of article. Abbreviated Title of Journal. Year; Vol.(issue): page number(s). E – Books Author A, Author B. Title of e-book (format). Place: Publisher; Date of original publication (cited year abbreviated day). Available from: Source. URL.

67. Book: Cronon , William. 1991. Nature's Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West. New York: W. W. Norton. Edited Book: Fainstein , Susan S., and Scott Campbell, eds. 1996. Readings in Urban Theory . Cambridge, MA and Oxford, UK: Blackwell. Chapter in an Edited Book: Fishman, Robert. 1996. Bourgeois Utopias: Visions of Utopia. In Readings in Urban Theory , edited by S. S. Fainstein and S. Campbell. Cambridge, MA and Oxford, UK: Blackwell. CAMPBELL STYLE

68. Harvard style of referencing… • Author’s name followed by its initials. • Year of publication. • Article title with single quotation mark followed by full stop. • Name of Journal in italic form. • Volume followed by a comma • Issue no. in bracket. • Page no. Example 1. Padda , J. (2003) ‘creative writing in coventry '. Journal of writing studies 3 (2), 44-59. 2. Lennernas , H. (1995) ‘Experimental estimation of the effective unstirred water layer thickness in the human jejunum & its importance in oral drug absorption’. Eur . J. pharm sci (3), 247-253.

69. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH REPORTS IMRAD format can be followed

70. INTRODUCTION Begins with statement of the problem If ethnographic – explain study’s cultural context If critical or feminist - explain sociopolitical context If phenomenological or grounded – explain philosophical context Information on personal experiences relevant to study Research purposes and questions – concluding paragraph

71. METHODOLOGY Type of design Design features Research setting – for transferability Selection of participants Characteristics of participants Researcher’s connection to participants Sample questions, description of data collection method, who collected data, how data collectors were trained &methods to record data Trustworthiness of data

72. RESULTS Summarize themes, categories, taxonomic structure or theory that emerged. Develop a story line before beginning to write the findings, they should know how much and what to tell. Experiences, voices and actions of the participant should considered important – direct quotes. Diagrams and word tables are used to organize and summarize.

73. DISCUSSION Findings and interpretation are interwoven. The discussion should link other research results with the present study. Should suggest implications for theory practice and future research

74. Once the research report is written it is ready for dissemination in the form of Thesis or dissertation Journal publication Electronic publication Presentation at conferences

75. Thesis / Dissertation In-depth research report Lengthy document To demonstrate students’ understanding of research (problem & process)

76. Organization of Dissertation Front Matter: Title page; Abstract; Copyright page; Approval page; acknowledgement page; table of contents; list of tables; list of figure; list of appendices. Main Body: Chapter I – Introduction; Chapter II – Review of Literature; Chapter III – Methods; Chapter IV – Results; Chapter V – Discussion and Summary; Chapter VI -Summary, conclusion, implications, recommendations and limitations. Supplementary pages: Bibliography, Appendix

77. Traditional journals Professional journals : Often a good option if you want the paper to be read Less prestige that those focused on science & research List the key journals in your field: What types of paper are included? How wide is the subject area? Is there an abstracting ‘news’ section? Are papers peer reviewed? Is it an indexed journal? (e.g. in Medline) Is it learn ed or commercial? Who reads it? (www.iccrjnr.com) Organization for a Journal Publication

78. THANK YOU