Nutrient management

There are 17 essential nutrients required for plant growth: carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O),
nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sulfur (S), iron (Fe),
manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), boron (B), molybdenum (Mo), chlorine (Cl) and nickel (Ni).
Of these 17, all except carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen are derived from the soil. When the soil cannot
supply the level of nutrient required for adequate growth, supplemental fertilizer applications become
necessary.

1. PLANT NUTRITION

2. How plants make their own food Plants and animals are all living things , but they obtain food in different ways . Animals eat other living things , but plants make their own food .

3. How plants make their own food Plants need air, water and mineral salt to make their food .

4. How plants make their own food They use sunlight as their source of energy . This process is called photosynthesis .

5. How plants get nutrients Water and mineral salts are very important for plant nutrition . Mineral salts from the soil dissolve in water . Plants absorb water from the soil trough their tiny root hairs .

6. How plants get nutrients . The mixture of water and mineral salts , called Raw Sap , travels up the stem to the leaves through long tubes , called Xylem Vessels . Carbon dioxide enters a plant throught tiny pores called Stomata , situated on the underside of the plant´s leaves .

7. Photosynthesis .

8. Photosynthesis Photosynthesis is a complex chemical process . It enables plants to manufacture food from water , mineral salts , carbon dioxide and sunlight .

9. Photosynthesis . Chlorophyll is a green substance which traps sunlight . It is found in special organelles called chloroplasts which are inside plant cells . Cholorophyll gives plants their green colour .

10. Photosynthesis

11. Plant Respiration

12. Plant Respiration Plants need to breathe . They take in oxygen from the air and give off carbon dioxide . Plants combine oxygen with nutrients to obtain energy . This gas exchange is called Respiration . During photosynthesis , the opposite ocurs . Plants take in carbon dioxide and give off oxigen . However , plants produce more oxygen than they can use. As a result , forests are an important source of oxygen .

13. Growth , movement and the perception of time Roots always grow downwards , and stems always grow upwards , even if the ground is sloping . Stems and leaves grow towards light . Vines , such as grapevines , wrap themselves round a support and grow along it . The mimosa plant is capable of rapid movement : Its leaves close if you touch it . Plants can distinguis the seasons by the number of hours of daylight and darkness . Days get longer and nights get shorter in spring when plants normally grow flowers .

14. Fertilizer Application Plant growth is influenced by a nutrient at lowest concentration as a denominator

15. Macro nutrients Micro nutrients Mostly from Air & Water From Soil From Soil C, H, O N, P, K, S, Ca, Mg Fe, Mn , B, Mo, Cu, Zn, Cl There are 17 essential nutrients required for plant growth: carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), sulfur (S), iron (Fe), manganese ( Mn ), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), boron (B), molybdenum (Mo), chlorine ( Cl ) and nickel (Ni). Of these 17, all except carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen are derived from the soil. When the soil cannot supply the level of nutrient required for adequate growth, supplemental fertilizer applications become necessary. List of Macro and Micro nutrients for plants

16. Plants require these nutrients in relatively large amounts C, O, H, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S

17. Plants require in very small amounts Cl , Fe , Mn , Bo, Zi , Ni, Mb primarily cofactors for enzyme function

18. Deficiency symptoms Symptom: is any perceptible change in known structure, appearance or function. These include: Yellowing (chlorosis) Death (necrosis) Lesions Malformations Malfunctions Reduced growth and yield

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20. Macronutrient Deficiencies & Soils Element Soil Factor Causing Deficiency N & K Excessive leaching on coarse-textured low organic matter soils P Acid low organic matter soils Cold wet soils such as occurs during early spring Newly cleared soils S Excessive leaching on coarse-textured low organic matter soils in areas where air pollution is low (minimal levels of SO2 in the air) Ca & Mg Excessive leaching on coarse-textured low organic matter soils Soils where large amounts of K have been applied

21. Micronutrient Deficiencies & Soils Element Soil Factor Causing Deficiency Fe Poorly drained soils, Low organic matter soils, pH>7.0, Soils high in P Zn Cold wet soils low in organic matter and highly leached, High pH soils (pH>7.0), Soils high in P, Exposed subsoils Cu Peat and muck soils, High pH, sandy soils, Soils heavily fertilized with N B Excessive leaching on coarse-textured low organic matter soils, Soils with pH>7.0 Mn Excessive leaching on coarse-textured low organic matter soils, Soil with pH>6.5 Mo Soils high in Fe oxides, high adsorption of molybdenum, Soil cropped for a long time

22. Deficiency Symptoms - N General chlorosis . Chlorosis progresses from light green to yellow. Entire plant becomes yellow under prolonged stress. Growth is immediately restricted ( stunted plant growth) and plants soon become spindly and drop older leaves. http://plantsci.sdstate.edu/woodardh/soilfert/Nutrient_Deficiency_Pages/soy_def/SOY-N1.JPG

23. Dark green color of plants; Profuse vegetative growth; lodging of crops; delayed reproductive growth Toxic Symptoms of N Manure, bone or blood meal (dried blood), fish emulsion (also contain P & K); composted legumes (peas, beans, peanuts); ammonium sulfate or nitrate & Urea Source of N

24. Deficiency Symptoms - P Leaves appear dull, dark green, blue green, or red-purple, especially on the underside, and especially at the midrib and vein. Petioles may also exhibit purpling. Re­striction in growth may be noticed. Purple or dull grayish green of older leaves http://www-unix.oit.umass.edu/~psoil120/images/tomatox2.jpg http://www.ext.vt.edu/news/periodicals/viticulture/04octobernovember/photo3.jpg

25. Deficiency Symptoms - P

26. Reduced vegetative growth; Profused root growth; early flowering of crops Toxic Symptoms of P Bone meal, Superphosphate & TSP Source of P

27. Deficiency Symptoms - K Leaf margins tanned, scorched, or have necrotic spots (may be small black spots which later coalesce). Margins become brown and cup downward. Growth is restricted and die back may occur. Mild symptoms appear first on recently matured leaves. marginal burn starting http://www.ipm.iastate.edu/ipm/icm/files/images/antonio004f.jpg

28. Deficiency Symptoms - K

29. Grayish leaves and dropping of flowers and fruits; poor fruit color Toxic Symptoms of K Manure, seaweed, wood ashes (also contains some phosphorous, raises soil pH), potassium sulfate or nitrate & MOP Source of K

30. Deficiency Symptoms - S Leaves uniformly light green, followed by yellowing and poor spindly growth. Uniform chlorosis does not occur Chlorosis of younger leaves, stunted growth with slender stalk; deformed fruits; vegetables leaves become thick & firm with yellowish color http://www.ag.ndsu.nodak.edu/aginfo/entomology/ndsucpr/Years/2007/june/7/soils.jpg http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/plymouth/cropsci/graphics/sulfur2.jpg

31. Toxic Symptoms of S Source of S Gypsum, composted legumes, composted cabbage leaves; sulfur, superphosphate Sulfur burn from too low pH

32. Deficiency Symptoms - Ca Growing points (tip) usually damaged or dead (die back). Margins of leaves developing from the growing point are first to turn brown. Toxicity: Intake of potassium and magnesium is reduced Sources: Calcitic limestone, slags , dolomitic limestone, gypsum, eggshells, oyster shells, fish meal, wood ashes http://hubcap.clemson.edu/~blpprt/acid_photos/BlossomEndRot.JPG

33. Blossom End Rot of Tomato Calcium Deficiency Right-Hydroponic tomatoes grown in the greenhouse, Left-Blossom end rot of tomato fruits induced by calcium (Ca ++ ) deficiency

34. Deficiency Symptoms - Mg Lower leaves and older leaves approach mottled–yellow Marginal chlorosis or chlorotic blotches which later merge. Younger leaves affected with continued stress. Chlorotic areas may become necrotic, brittle, and curl upward. Symptoms usually occur late in the growing season. http://quorumsensing.ifas.ufl.edu/HCS200/images/deficiencies/-Mgcq.jpg

35. Magnesium deficiency

36. Absorption of calcium and potassium is reduced Toxic Symptoms of Mg Source of Mg Dolomite limestone, manure, magnesium sulfate (Epsom salts), green plants.

37. Deficiency Symptoms - Cu Leaves wilt, become chlorotic , then necrotic. Wilting and necrosis are not dominant symptoms. Young leaves turn pale and may become mottled and wilt Toxicity: Iron uptake blocked. Sources: Manure, copper sulfate (use with care), neutral copper, grass clippings, sawdust http://images.google.com/url?q=http://ipm.ncsu.edu/Scouting_Small_Grains/Grain_images/fig4.jpg&usg=AFQjCNE2vzRwrqp65VR_xKRlo2LQOgWI3g

38. Deficiency Symptoms - Cu

39. Deficiency Symptoms - Fe Distinct yellow or white areas appear between veins, and veins eventually become chlorotic . Symptoms are rare on mature leaves, g rowth is weakened and stunted Source: Humus, manure, compost, blood meal, chelated iron, iron sulfate (copperas). http://bexar-tx.tamu.edu/HomeHort/F1Column/2003Articles/Graphics/iron%20chlorosis.jpg

40. Iron (Fe) Deficiency Symptoms 1 2 4 3 1-Piggyback Plant, 2- Petunia, 3-Silver Maple, 4-Rose (A-normal, B-Fe-deficient) A B

41. Deficiency Symptoms - Mn Chlorosis is less marked near veins. Some mottling occurs in interveinal areas in leaves. Chlorotic areas eventually become brown, transparent, or necrotic. Symptoms may appear later on older leaves. http://www.ca.uky.edu/HLA/Dunwell/KHC/110-122.JPG

42. Toxic Symptoms of Mn Source of Mn Oak leaves, leaf mold, carrot tops, alfalfa; manganese sulfate Tissue dieback in the leaves; dieback surrounded by yellow border.

43. Deficiency Symptoms - Zn Leaves may be abnormally small and necrotic. Internodes are shortened. Bronzing upper leaves and chlorotic basal leaves. Young leaves emerges White color known as “ White bud ”; rusting of leaves in rice; plant severly dwarfts Sources: Manure, composted corn, ragweed, & zinc sulfate http://plantsci.sdstate.edu/woodardh/soilfert/Nutrient_Deficiency_Pages/corn_def/CORN-ZN1.JPG http://agri.atu.edu/people/Hodgson/FieldCrops/Mirror/Nutrient%20Def_files/slide24.jpg

44. Deficiency Symptoms - B Young leaves are pale green at base, develop yellow spots, then become twisted, thickened and curl under ; leaves are small; multiple buds; dieback from terminal buds; heart rot ( corkiness ); internal cork of apples, cracked stem in celery, heart rot and girdle of beets. http://www.canr.msu.edu/vanburen/ffc12.jpg

45. Toxic Symptoms of B Source of B Clover, composted melon plants, borax (add only if prescribed), granite dust. Leaves turn yellowish red. Deficiency symptoms

46. Deficiency Symptoms - Mo Leaves turn yellow and pale between veins; leaves may become bluish green; leaves do not open completely; plant growth is stunted. Toxicity: Poisonous to livestock Sources: Sodium molybdate

47. Deficiency Symptoms - Cl Wilting of leaflet tips Chlorosis of leaves leading to bronzing and dying

48. Crops Highly Susceptible to Deficiencies Element Crops Mn Soybean, Small Grain & Peanuts Cu Wheat & Corn Zn Corn Mo Soybeans & Cauliflower B Alfalfa, Apples, Peanuts, Tobacco & Tomatoes Fe Ornamentals, Fruit Trees, Soybeans, Grain Sorghum & Some Grasses

49. Macronutrient Deficiencies Beans

50. Macronutrients N, P, K Deficiencies Leaf Lettuce Control

51. Nutrients Antagonism & Synergism

52. Nitrogen Potassium, Calcium Potassium Nitrogen, Calcium, Magnesium Phosphorus Zinc, Iron, Copper Calcium Boron, Magnesium, Phosphorus Magnesium Calcium, Potassium Iron Manganese Manganese Iron, Molybdenum, Magnesium Copper Molybdenum, Iron, Manganese, Zinc Zinc Iron, Manganese Molybdenum Copper, Iron Sodium Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium Aluminum Phosphorus Ammonium Ion Calcium, Copper Sulfur Molybdenum Elements In Excess Nutrients Usually Affected

53. ANY QUESTIONS???