obesity. of pptx comunity health nursing

obesity.

1. OBESITY Mrs. Neelam Vashishtha Community Health Nursing 9/24/2024 1

2. Definition Obesity is a medical condition in which excess body fat accumulates to the extent that it may have a negative effect on health, leading to reduced life expectancy and/or increased health problems Latin word “OBESUS’’ meaning fat. BMI ≥ 30 (class–II OBESITY) GLOBALLY BMI ≥25 (class–II OBESITY) INDIANS 9/24/2024 2

3. Obesity vs Overweight Overweight Fat Fluid Muscle mass Bone Tumors Obesity Fat(adipose tissue) 9/24/2024 3

4. Epidemiology In 2022, 2.5 billion adults aged 18 years and older were overweight, including over 890 million adults who were living with obesity. This corresponds to 43% of adults aged 18 years and over (43% of men and 44% of women) who were overweight; an increase from 1990, when 25% of adults aged 18 years and over were overweight. Prevalence of overweight varied by region, from 31% in the WHO South-East Asia Region and the African Region to 67% in the Region of the Americas. About 16% of adults aged 18 years and older worldwide were obese in 2022. The worldwide prevalence of obesity more than doubled between 1990 and 2022. . 9/24/2024 4

5. 9/24/2024 5 In 2022, an estimated 37 million children under the age of 5 years were overweight. Once considered a high-income country problem, overweight is on the rise in low- and middle-income countries. In Africa, the number of overweight children under 5 years has increased by nearly 23% since 2000. Almost half of the children under 5 years who were overweight or living with obesity in 2022 lived in Asia. Over 390 million children and adolescents aged 5–19 years were overweight in 2022. The prevalence of overweight (including obesity) among children and adolescents aged 5–19 has risen dramatically from just 8% in 1990 to 20% in 2022. The rise has occurred similarly among both boys and girls: in 2022 19% of girls and 21% of boys were overweight. While just 2% of children and adolescents aged 5–19 were obese in 1990 (31 million young people), by 2022, 8% of children and adolescents were living with obesity (160 million young people).

6. Epidemiology Cont. There is 12-25 % prevelance in India. Maximum obese children in the world in China. India is on Second position for obesity in children in the world. Highest obesity approx. 61% in the world is in Nauru country. Obesity is preventable. 9/24/2024 6

7. OBESITY INDICES BMI (epidemiological indicator) :- 18.5-22.9 (Indians) Broca’s index :- Ht (cm)-100 IDEAL Wt Lorentz Formula :- Ht (cm)-100 - ( Ht (cm)-150/2 or 4) Corpulence Index :- Actual Wt /Desired Wt >1.2 (excess Wt ) permissible Upper range Waist hip ratio :- girth of waist/girth of hip >0.85 Male >0.80 Femaale 9/24/2024 7

8. Measurement of obesity BMI Waist hip ratio Skin fold thickness(sites- Mid triceps,Biceps , Subscapular, suprailliac ) Herpenden Calliper Male > 40 - fat accumaulation Female > 50 - fat accumaulation Air displacement Plethysmography Total body electrical conductivity 9/24/2024 8

9. Types of obesity 9/24/2024 9

10. Inactivity Obesity It is no secret that a lack of physical activity can cause you to become overweight. In this type of obesity, once-strong parts of the body quickly gain fat and become unhealthy. 9/24/2024 10

11. Food Obesity If you overeat, and particularly if you overindulge in unhealthy foods, you may suffer from food obesity. Excessive sugar intake can also cause food obesity, which may lead to accumulation of fat around the middle part of the body. 9/24/2024 11

12. Anxiety Obesity Anxiety or depression can often lead to overeating and accumulation of fat in the body, since the body must constantly survive in fight-or-flight mode. To treat this type of obesity, you must control your anxiety. Common treatments include medication, a decrease in caffeine intake. 9/24/2024 12

13. Venous Obesity Venous circulation is one obesity cause that is genetic in nature, rather than habitual in nature. if anyone in your family suffers from venous circulation, you run the risk of the same condition. This type of obesity is particularly common in pregnancy. Exercise is the best solution for this problem. 9/24/2024 13

14. Gluten Obesity You are likely no stranger to the many health problems that gluten can cause. In fact, gluten can actually cause obesity. This type of weight gain is most common in women. It is often spotted during periods of hormonal change, like puberty, pregnancy, and menopause. 9/24/2024 14

15. Atherogenic Obesity People whose fat tends to accumulate in the stomach area often suffer from atherogenic obesity. This is a particularly dangerous condition since it can affect your other organs and lead to breathing problems. It is extremely important to avoid drinking alcohol if you have atherogenic obesity. 9/24/2024 15

16. Several factors are responsible for obesity Behavioral and lifestyle factors Diseases Mental illness Genetics 9/24/2024 16

17. Behavioral and lifestyle factors Unhealthy dietary patterns Less physical inactivity Medication use Easy availability of fast food Unfavorable physical activity environment Less education and skills Food marketing and promotion 9/24/2024 17

18. Behavioral and lifestyle factors 1. Diet A diet high in simple carbohydrates . Carbohydrates increase blood glucose levels, which in turn stimulate insulin release by the pancreas, and insulin promotes the growth of fat tissue and can cause weight gain. 9/24/2024 18

19. Behavioral and lifestyle factors 1. Diet Cont. Frequency of eating . The relationship between frequency of eating (how often you eat) and weight is somewhat controversial 9/24/2024 19

20. Behavioral and lifestyle factors 2. Sedentary lifestyle Physical inactivity . Sedentary people burn fewer calories than people who are active. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) showed that physical inactivity was strongly correlated with weight gain in both sexes. 9/24/2024 20

21. Behavioral and lifestyle factors 3.Medications Medications associated with weight gain include certain antidepressants , anticonvulsants , some diabetes medications , certain hormones such as oral contraceptives , and most corticosteroids . Weight gain may also be seen with some high blood pressure medications and antihistamines . 9/24/2024 21

22. Diseases Many diseases like Cushing’s disease Polycystic ovary syndrome Thyroid and other endocrine disorders 9/24/2024 22

23. Mental illnesses Depression Eating disorders 9/24/2024 23

24. Genetics A person is more likely to develop obesity if one or both parents are obese. Genetics also affect hormones involved in fat regulation. For example, one genetic cause of obesity is leptin deficiency . 9/24/2024 24

25. Health consequences of obesity According to CDC obesity affects almost all organ systems and creates adverse health effects. Hypertension Dyslipidemia Type 2 diabetes Coronary heart disease Stroke 9/24/2024 25

26. Health consequences of obesity Cont. Gallbladder disease Osteoarthritis Sleep apnea, obesity related asthma Endometrial, breast, colon, liver cancers Low quality of life Mental illness Chronic pain 9/24/2024 26

27. Prevention 9/24/2024 27

28. Primary Prevention Lifestyle Assessment Related to Obesity Risk Assess BMI at least annually, monitor for increasing BMI. Review dietary and physical activity habits in addition to sleep duration Review other obesity risk factors such as medical co-morbidities , familial obesity , medication use, and lack of nutrition knowledge and/or skills for food preparation . 9/24/2024 28

29. Primary Prevention Cont. Counseling and Approaches Discuss weight control interventions for overweight patients to prevent the progression to obesity Encourage a self-management approach including setting goals for healthy lifestyle habits 9/24/2024 29

30. Primary Prevention Cont. Physical Activity and Exercise Encourage adults and children to engage in regular physical activity and decrease sedentary activity. 9/24/2024 30

31. Physical Activity Recommendations with Definitions and Examples A. Children & Adolescents Minimum of one hour of active play and other activities daily that include moderate-or vigorous-intensity aerobic physical activity, muscle-strengthening activities, and bone-strengthening activities 9/24/2024 31

32. Physical Activity Recommendations with Definitions and Examples Cont. B. Adults Aerobic exercise – either or a combination of : At least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise weekly. At least 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity exercise weekly. 9/24/2024 32

33. Physical Activity Recommendations with Definitions and Examples Cont. B. Adults For additional health benefits, also consider: Strength/resistance exercises 2-3 days/week Neuromotor exercise (balance, agility, and coordination) 2-3 days/week Flexibility exercises ≥ 2 days/week 9/24/2024 33

34. Physical Activity Recommendations with Definitions and Examples Cont. 9/24/2024 34

35. Primary Prevention Cont. Diet and Eating Promote consumption of a variety of nutritious foods. Recommend avoidance of high calorie foods and sugar sweetened beverages. 9/24/2024 35

36. Primary Prevention Cont. Diet and Eating Encourage and support breastfeeding during infancy Encourage families to create a healthful eating environment that is responsive to hunger and fullness cues 9/24/2024 36

37. Primary Prevention Cont. Diet and Eating Discuss ways to access affordable healthy foods Promote family meals and limited eating out and fast food Limit children’s screen time and exposure to food and beverage marketing 9/24/2024 37

38. Primary Prevention Cont. 5-2-1-0 (Quick Summary for Children and Adolescents) 5 or more servings daily of fruits and vegetables. 2 hours or less of screen time daily (Keep TV/computer out of bedroom. No screen time under the age of 2.) 1 hour or more daily of physical activity sugary drinks – more water & low fat milk 9/24/2024 38

39. Primary Prevention Cont. Sleep Promote age-appropriate sleep durations. Children : Preschoolers (3-5 years: 11-13 hours), School-aged (5-12 years: 10-11 hours) Adolescents and Adults: Adolescents (12-18 years): 9-10 hours), Adults: 7-8 hours 9/24/2024 39

40. Secondary Prevention Annual assessment of BMI should be recorded and discussed with patients. Annual assessment of BMI should be recorded and discussed with patients. indicating increased risk for developing obesity. 9/24/2024 40

41. Secondary Prevention Cont. General goals of weight management in obese persons are: Reduce body weight Sustain weight loss by minimizing risk of weight gain Prevent further weight gain. 9/24/2024 41

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