Observing Ethics - Action Research in Schoolspptx

Observing Ethics - Action Research in schools

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2. Objectives Discuss the ethical standards of conducting research. Identify the codes, rules and policies for Research Ethics Discuss issues and concerns in conducting research.

3. What are the Do’s and Don’ts in conducting a research? Do’s Don’ts

4. What are the Do’s and Don’ts in conducting a research? a. participants give informed consent after participation b. informed participants what to expect excluding potential risk c. deception can be used in psychological research d. Social responsibility e. misleading authorship f. making up errors g. Respect for rights & dignity Data misrepresentation faulty data-gathering procedures j. compliance with law

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10. The Nuremberg Code Principles resulting from the Nuremberg Trials 23 leading German physicians and administrators tried for conspiracy, war crimes, crimes against humanity, membership in criminal organization 16 sentenced to either death by hanging or imprisonment; 7 were acquitted. 16 October 2024 Department of Education Region VIII 10

11. The Nuremberg Code Voluntary consent of the human subject Experiment results should be for the good of society Experiment on humans should be based on animal experimentation Experiment should avoid unnecessary physical and mental suffering/injury Experiment should not be done if it will cause death/disability 16 October 2024 Department of Education Region VIII 11

12. The Nuremberg Code Risk must not exceed humanitarian importance of research Proper preparations & adequate facilities Experiment done only by qualified persons. Subjects should be free to end participation Scientist must be prepared to terminate the experiment at any stage, if needed 16 October 2024 Department of Education Region VIII 12

13. The origin of Ethical Codes… The Nuremberg trials came about the Nuremberg Code which became the foundation of ethical guidelines concerning the use of human participants. These ethical concerns had been under discussion by the American Psychological Association (APA) since 1930’s.

14. The origin of Ethical Codes… In 1953, the APA’s first ethical code was accepted and published. Since then, there have been revisions, and the most recent was in 1992. “Ethical Principles of Psychology and Code of Conduct” published by the American Psychologists (1992).

15. What are Ethics? It’s the moral principle of right and wrong Refers to the rules of conduct of carrying out research Research ethics refers to the diverse set of values, norms and institutional regulations that help constitute and regulate scientific activity or simply, it is incorporating ethical principles into research practice

16. Research ethics should be applied in all stages, by all those involved, from inception of research through to completion and publication of results and beyond - David B. Resnik, J. D., Ph.D.

17. A. Areas of Academic Misconduct Plagiarism Fabrication and falsification Non-publication of data Faulty data-gathering procedures Poor data storage and retention Misleading authorship Sneaky publication practices

18. Q: What is plagiarism? A: Using other people’s work without acknowledging their contribution.

19. Q: What would be considered fabrication or falsification? A: Anything that is made up and did not really occur, e.g. overstating numbers of subjects, changing data, including personal biases (especially in qualitative studies), misinterpreting literature (often occurs that students misquote authors-be careful).

20. Q: Nonpublication of data means that the researchers did what? A: Data was suppressed. It is not ethical to ignore exceptions and just try to explain to oneself the reason for the exception. Finding nothing of significance is just as important as finding something of significance.

21. Q: How can faulty data-gathering procedures occur? If machines are not calibrated correctly. if subjects do not follow procedures correctly. if untrained research assistants are used (may give different instructions). if testing occurs at different times of the day.

22. Q: Why is poor data storage and retention unethical? A: Because it should be available for verification by others.

23. Q: Misleading authorship occurs when...? A: People take credit who really make very little contribution to the study. If fellow graduate students assist you they should not expect to be named should you eventually publish the results of your study. The same is true with faculty advisors unless they have made a significant contribution to the study (which often occurs!). Bottom line is not to take credit for things you did not do!

24. Q: When do sneaky publication practices occur? A: Sneaky publication practices occur when the relationship between research directors (professors often), and research assistants (graduate students often) is not clear. Also it is generally not considered ethical to submit a paper to more than one publication, and certainly not to accept publication in more than one journal!

25. B. Codes, Rules and Policies for Research Ethics 1. Honesty Strive for honesty in all scientific communications. Honestly report data, results, methods and procedures, and publication status Do not fabricate, falsify, or misrepresent data. Do not deceive colleagues, research sponsors, or the public

26. B. Codes, Rules and Policies for Research Ethics 2. Objectivity Strive to avoid bias in experimental design, data analysis, data interpretation, peer review, personnel decisions, grant writing, expert testimony, and other aspects of research where objectivity is required. Avoid disclosing personal or financial interests that may affect research.

27. B. Codes, Rules and Policies for Research Ethics 3. Integrity Keep your promises and agreements. Act with sincerity. Strive for consistency of thoughts and actions.

28. B. Codes, Rules and Policies for Research Ethics 4. Carefulness Avoid careless errors and negligence; carefully and critically examine your own work and the work of your peers. Keep good records of research activities, such as data collection, research design, and correspondence with agencies or journals.

29. B. Codes, Rules and Policies for Research Ethics 5. Openness Share data, results, ideas, tools & resources Be open to criticism and new ideas.

30. B. Codes, Rules and Policies for Research Ethics 6. Respect for intellectual property Honor patents, copyrights, and other forms of intellectual property. Do not use unpublished data, methods, or results without permission. Give proper acknowledgment or credit for all contributions to research. Never plagiarize.

31. B. Codes, Rules and Policies for Research Ethics 7. Confidentiality Protect confidential communications, such as papers or grants submitted for publication, personnel records, trade or military secrets, and patients records

32. B. Codes, Rules and Policies for Research Ethics 8. Responsible Publication Publish in order to advance research and scholarship, not to advance just your own career. Avoid wasteful and duplicative publication.

33. B. Codes, Rules and Policies for Research Ethics 9. Responsible Mentoring Help to educate, mentor, and advise students/peers. Promote their welfare and allow them to make their own decisions.

34. B. Codes, Rules and Policies for Research Ethics 10. Respect for colleagues Respect your colleagues and treat them fairly.

35. B. Codes, Rules and Policies for Research Ethics 11. Social Responsibility Strive to promote social good and prevent or mitigate social harms through research, public education, and advocacy.

36. B. Codes, Rules and Policies for Research Ethics 12. Non-discrimination Avoid discrimination on the basis of sex, race, ethnicity, or other factors not related to scientific competence and integrity.

37. B. Codes, Rules and Policies for Research Ethics 13. Competence Maintain and improve your own professional competence and expertise through lifelong education and learning.

38. B. Codes, Rules and Policies for Research Ethics 14. Legality Know and obey relevant laws and institutional and governmental policies

39. B. Codes, Rules and Policies for Research Ethics 15. Animal Care Show proper respect and care for animals when using them in research. Do not conduct unnecessary or poorly designed animal experiments.

40. B. Codes, Rules and Policies for Research Ethics 16. Human Subjects Protection When conducting research on human subjects, minimize harms and risks and maximize benefits. Respect human dignity, privacy and autonomy.

41. B. Codes, Rules and Policies for Research Ethics 16. Human Subjects Protection Take special precautions with vulnerable population Strive to distribute the benefits and burdens of research fairly.

42. B. Codes, Rules and Policies for Research Ethics Human subjects have the ff. rights: 1. Right to privacy or non-participation Don’t snoop or ask unnecessary information, always get parental approval in studies involving children, etc. 2. Right to anonymity Use #s to identify subjects or change names Adapted from Shamoo A and Resnik D. (2015). Responsible Conduct of Research, 3 rd ed. (New York: Oxford University Press.

43. B. Codes, Rules and Policies for Research Ethics Human subjects have the ff. rights: 3. Right to confidentiality Data should not be available for use outside of the agreement made with the subjects 4. Right to expect experimenter responsibility Be honest. If you mislead people, be sure to debrief them immediately after their participation Adapted from Shamoo A and Resnik D. (2015). Responsible Conduct of Research, 3 rd ed. (New York: Oxford University Press.

44. C. Ethical Decision Making in Research Case 1 : The research protocol for a study of a drug on hypertension requires the administration of the drug at different doses to 50 laboratory mice, with chemical behavior tests to determine toxic effects. Tom has almost finished the experiment for Dr. Q. He has only 5 mice left to test. However, he really wants to finish his work in time to go to Florida on spring break with his friends, who are leaving tonight. He has injected the drug in all 50 mice but has not completed all the tests. He therefore decides to extrapolate from the 45 completed results to produce the 5 additional results. Was it unethical of Tom to have acted that way? Was there a research misconduct? Researchers must learn how to interpret, assess, and apply various research rules and how to make decisions and to act ethically in various situations

45. C. Ethical Decision Making in Research Case 2 : Dr. T has just discovered a mathematical error in his paper that has been accepted for publication in a journal. The error does not affect the overall results of this research, but it is potentially misleading. The journal has just gone to press, so it is too late to catch the error before it appears in print. In order to avoid embarrassment, Dr. T decides to ignore the error. Was the error of Dr. T a research misconduct? How about his decision to take no action to correct the error? Adapted from Shamoo A and Resnik D. 2015. Responsible Conduct of Research, 3 rd ed. (New York: Oxford University Press

46. “ He who does not research has nothing to teach” -Picture quotes .com 16 October 2024 Department of Education Region VIII 46 THANK YOU !!!