Oceanography Unit 1 TYBSC ZOOLOGY SEM V.pptx

Oceanography introduction

1. Oceanography

2. What is Oceanography? Oceanography is the study of all aspects of the ocean . Oceanography covers a wide range of topics, from marine life and ecosystems to currents and waves, the movement of sediments, and seafloor geology

3. Navigational & Sea Safety Equipments A lifeboat or liferaft is a small, rigid or inflatable boat carried for emergency evacuation in the event of a disaster aboard a ship. Lifeboat drills are required by law on larger commercial ships. Rafts (liferafts) are also used. In the military, a lifeboat may double as a whaleboat, dinghy, or gig. The ship's tenders of cruise ships often double as lifeboats. Recreational sailors usually carry inflatable liferafts, though a few prefer small proactive lifeboats that are harder to sink and can be sailed to safety. Auto Inflatable lifeboats Proactive Lifeboats Rafts I. Life Saving Devices

4. Navigational & Sea Safety Equipments A lifebuoy is a life-saving buoy designed to be thrown to a person in water to provide buoyancy and prevent drowning. Some modern lifebuoys are fitted with one or more seawater-activated lights to aid rescue at night. I. Life Saving Devices

5. Navigational & Sea Safety Equipments The primary purpose of a life jacket is to ensure the wearer's safety by keeping them afloat in water. This buoyancy can be especially crucial if a person falls overboard, is incapacitated, or finds themselves in turbulent water I. Life Saving Devices

6. Navigational & Sea Safety Equipments The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a technology that is used in oceanography for navigation, surveying, and safety at sea Navigation GPS helps mariners navigate, measure speed, and determine their location. This is important for reaching a destination safely, economically, and on time Underwater surveying GPS data is used for underwater surveying, buoy placement, and mapping navigational hazards Il. Global Positioning System

7. Navigational & Sea Safety Equipments An enhancement to the basic GPS signal known as Differential GPS (DGPS) provides much higher precision and increased safety in its coverage areas for maritime operations. Many nations use DGPS for operations such as buoy positioning, sweeping, and dredging. This enhancement improves harbor navigation GPS is playing an increasingly important role in the management of maritime port facilities. GPS technology, coupled with geographic information system (GIS) software, is key to the efficient management and operation of automated container placement in the world's largest port facilities. GPS facilitates the automation of the pick-up, transfer, and placement process of containers by tracking them from port entry to exit. With millions of container shipments being placed in port terminals annually, GPS has greatly reduced the number of lost or misdirected containers and lowered associated operation costs. Il. Global Positioning System

8. Navigational & Sea Safety Equipments Il. Global Positioning System GPS information is embedded within a system known as the Automatic Identification System (AIS) transmission. AIS uses a transponder system that operates in the VHF maritime band and is capable of communicating ship to ship as well as ship to shore, transmitting information relating to ship identification, geographic location, vessel type, and cargo information -- all on a real-time, wholly automated basis. Because the ship's GPS position is embedded in these transmissions, all essential information about vessel movements and contents can be uploaded automatically to electronic charts. The safety and security of vessels using this system is significantly enhanced.

9. Navigational & Sea Safety Equipments Ill. Rudder A rudder is a primary control surface used to steer a ship, boat, submarine, hovercraft, airship, or other vehicle that moves through a fluid medium (usually air or water). On a ship, the rudder is used primarily to counter adverse yaw and p-factor and is not the primary control used to turn the ship. A rudder operates by redirecting the fluid past the hull, thus imparting a turning or yawing motion to the ship. In basic form, a rudder is a flat plane or sheet of material attached with hinges to the ship's stern, tail, or after end. Often rudders are shaped so as to minimize hydrodynamic drag. On simple watercraft, a tiller—essentially, a stick or pole acting as a lever arm—may be attached to the top of the rudder to allow it to be turned by a helmsman (a person who steers ship or boat). In larger vessels, cables, pushrods, or hydraulics may be used to link rudders to steering wheels.