Ointment, creams and lotions

Ointment, creams and lotions

1. BY AMMARA BATOOL OINTMENTS, CREAMS AND LOTIONS

2. Ointments Ointments are homogenous, translucent, viscous, semi solid preparation intended for external application to skin or mucous membranes. Ointment may be medicated or not. British Pharmacopoeia (BP) definition Ointments are formulated to provide preparations that are immiscible, miscible or emulsifiable with the skin secretion. “Ointments are preparations for external application but differ from creams in that they have greasy bases. The base is usually anhydrous and therefore most ointments are immiscible with skin secretions. Ointments usually contain a medicament or a mixture of medicaments dissolved or dispersed in the base.”

3. Ointments Uses Emollient Application for active ingredients to the skin Occlusive Ointment Bases Oleaginous Bases Absorption Bases Water-Removable Bases Water-Soluble Bases

4. Ointments When is it best to use an ointment?  Ointments are best used on dry skin. They are ‘occlusive,’ which means they trap moisture and are not well absorbed into the skin. Thus, they are able to keep the skin moist for longer periods of time. Ointments also promote more complete absorption of the active ingredient or medication. Because of preservatives used in creams, ointments are less likely to cause an allergic reaction

5. Creams Viscous semi solid emulsion with opaque appearance. Consistency depends on whether the cream is W/O or O/W. Definition (B.P): Creams are formulated to provide preparations that are essentially miscible with the skin secretion. They are intended to be applied to the skin or certain mucous membranes for protective, therapeutic or prophylactic purposes, especially where an occlusive effect is not necessary.

6. Creams Viscous semi solid emulsion with opaque appearance. Consistency depends on whether the cream is W/O or O/W. Definition (B.P): Creams are formulated to provide preparations that are essentially miscible with the skin secretion. They are intended to be applied to the skin or certain mucous membranes for protective, therapeutic or prophylactic purposes, especially where an occlusive effect is not necessary.

7. Creams w/o oily creams ( as cold cream): Emulgents: natural origin e.g., bees wax, wool alcohols, wool fat used as emollient. o/w aquous creams (as vanishing cream): Emulgents: synthetic waxes e.g., macrogols, cetomacrogols used here rapid penetration of drugs required. O/W creams are elegant drug delivery system

8. Creams When is it best to use a cream?  In general, people prefer using creams to ointments since they are less sticky and heavy on the skin. Even though we think of creams as being moisturizing, given their higher water content and the evaporation that occurs following application, creams are better than ointments for treating oozing or “wet” skin conditions. Since the viscosity (thickness) of creams is less than that of ointments, they also work better for covering large areas of skin.

9. Lotion Lotion are not defined specially in the USP but a broad definition describes then as either liquid or semi liquid preparations that contains one or more active ingredients in an appropriate vehicle. Lotions may contains antimicrobial preservatives and other appropriate excipients such as stabilizers, Lotions are intended to be applied to the un-broken skin without friction. Lotions are usually suspension of solids in an aqueous medium, Some lotions are, in fact, emulsions or solutions.

10. Characteristics Ointments Creams Lotion Definition single-phase basis in which solids or liquids may be dispersed Multiphase Preparations consisting of a lipophilic phase and an aqueous phase either liquid or semi liquid preparations that contains one or more active ingredients in an appropriate vehicle. Types Ointment Bases Oleaginous Bases Absorption Bases Water-Removable Bases Water-Soluble Bases w/o oily creams ( as cold cream): Emulgents: natural origin e.g., bees wax, wool alcohols, wool fat used as emollient. Lotions are emulsions or suspensions generally in an aqueous vehicle, although certain solutions have been designated as lotions because of either their appearance or application

11. Characteristics Ointments Creams Lotion Types o/w aqueous creams (as vanishing cream): Emulgents: synthetic waxes e.g., macrogols, cetomacrogols used here rapid penetration of drugs required. O/W creams are elegant drug delivery system Examples Lidocaine  Ointment Gentamicin  Sulfate Ointment Tretinoin  Cream Capsaicin Cream   Aveeno Skin Relief Moisturizing  Lotion , Cetaphil Moisturizing  Lotion

12. Characteristics Ointments Creams Lotion Appearance Opaque Relatively Soft spreadable Translucent light-weight, non-greasy Viscosity Exhibits very high  viscosity  values at low shear rates and decreasing   viscosity values as the shear rate increases viscosity of cream is increased by lowering the temperature and by increasing the fat content. Not truly viscous, exhibiting thixotropic properties. With age, the body of cream increases rapidly for a few hours and more slowly for 48 hours. Agitation reduces the viscosity. low-Viscosity due to lower water content

13. Characteristics Ointments Creams Lotion Absorption and Spreading ability Not easily absorbed Low Spreading ability ointment will remain on the skin longer and take a longer time to absorb Quickly absorbed by the skin High Spreading ability may work better on larger areas of the skin because of their " spreadability " factor, compared to ointments. readily applied to skin Historically, lotions also had an advantage in that they may be spread thinly compared to a cream or ointment and may economically cover a large area of skin Stability on skin Stay longer on the surface Stay short time on the surface Long term stability

14. Characteristics Ointments Creams Lotion Conc.of oil and water Have a higher concentration of oil 80 percent oil and 20 percent water.  blend of oil and water, but with a higher oil concentration (a 50-50 ratio of water and oil) Have a lower concentration of oil than ointment Higher water content Greasiness More greasy Less greasy non-greasy

15. Characteristics Ointments Creams Lotion Benefits Ointments are used as moisturizers—normally a combination of 80 percent oil and 20 percent water. This combination locks in moisture more effectively than creams and lotions, which are normally made with more water. Like lotion,  body cream  is used to treat and prevent dry, cracked skin while keeping it supple and moisturized. Because it provides a barrier that provides ultra-hydration, it’s best for dry to excessively dry skin and for normal skin during the harsher winter months. Because body lotion is more readily absorbed by the skin – due to its lower viscosity than cream – it’s excellent for normal to slightly dry skin. It leaves a less greasy residue than cream and is ideal for use during the day and in hot summer months.

16. Characteristics Ointments Creams Lotion Uses used to treat a variety of skin conditions (e.g., eczema, dermatitis, allergies, rash insect bites, poison oak/ivy, eczema, dermatitis, allergies, rash, itching of the outer female genitals, anal itching) used as a moisturizer to treat or prevent dry, rough, scaly, itchy skin and minor skin irritations (e.g., diaper rash, skin burns from radiation therapy)

17. Guidlines Here are some guidelines for deciding when to use an ointment and when to use a cream: Creams are best when covering large areas of the skin or to avoid the greasiness associated with an ointment. Wet or “weeping” skin lesions, such as eczema or poison ivy, are best treated with a cream (or gel). Ointments are best when treating dry skin conditions, such as psoriasis. Ointments allow greater penetration of the active ingredient in the topical medication, whether it is an antibiotic, steroid, or anti-fungal medication. The best moisturizers are in ointment form. Ointments may be better to use on sensitive skin since many creams are manufactured with sensitizing preservatives.

18. REFERENCES https://www.kleinmd.com/blog/moisturizing-101-cream-vs-lotion https://healthfully.com/advantages-disadvantages-ointments-6069390.html https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022030233933111 Remington, Joseph Price (2006), Beringer , Paul (ed.),  Remington: The Science And Practice Of Pharmacy  (21st ed.), Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, p. 772,  ISBN   978-0781746731 . ^   McDonald, Michel (July 2009).  "What's The Difference Between An Ointment, A Cream And A Lotion?" . ABC News. Retrieved 2 January 2016. https://www.rdmag.com/article/2017/07/how-characterize-ointment-flow-behavior "Hand Dermatitis in Health Care Workers"  (PDF).  Washington State Department of Labor and Industries . Retrieved 31 December 2015. https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-61621/body-lotion-topical/details https://www.webmd.com/drugs/2/drug-150643/desowen-ointment-and-lotion-topical/details

19. REFRENCES https://www.scribd.com/doc/89888864/Examples-of-Medicated-Ointment Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy British Pharmacopeia  ( BP ) United States Pharmacopeia  ( USP ) https://www.edocamerica.com/health-tips/creams-and-ointments-whats-the-difference-which-is-best/