Oncological emergencies

Oncological emergencies are well explained. It is classified properly and important ones are explained clearly.
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1. Oncologica l E mergencies

2. Oncological emergencies are complications resulting from cancer and cancer treatment. It is a life threatening condition.

3. Superior Vena cava syndrome Superior Vena cava is compresse d or obstructed by tumor growth Results in obstruction in the venous drainage from head neck and Thorax mostly seen in lung cancer or lymphoma

4. Signs and Symptoms of SVC Syndrome Facial and periorbital edema Stokes sign Edema of arms hands Swelling of veins in chest neck Erythema of the upper body Epistaxis occur Life threatening signs and symptoms Airway obstruction Hemorrhage Cyanosis Increased icp Headache, visual disturbance, altered mental status hypotension

5. Intervention Assess for early signs and symptoms of SVC syndrome semi Fowler position administer corticosteroids diuretics high dose Radiation therapy & chemotherapy vena cava bypass surgery thrombolytic therapy give breathing support monitor F luid volume level

6. Tumor lysis syndrome When large quantities of tumor cells are destroyed rapidly and intracellular components is released Into the bloodstream faster than the body can eliminate th em this can cause electrolyte Imbalances Leading to tetrad of abnormalities Hyp er kalemia Hyperuricemia Hypocalcemia Hyperphosphatemia

7. Clinical manifestation

8. Intervention Ensure good hydration A dd Sodium Bicarbonate D iuretic therapy with carbonic anhydrase inhibitor or acetazolamide
A dministered sodium polystyrene sulphonate Administer hypertonic dextrose with saline Admi nister aluminium hydroxide H emodialysis Assess urine PH Administer allopurinol

9. Spinal cord compression Compression of spinal cord from tumor directly Or compression of the spinal cord when the vertebral column collapses from tumor entry causing permanent neurological damage and mortality .

10. Intervention Early recognition for back pain and neurological deficit radiation and chemotherapy corticosteroid therapy surgery

11. Signs and symptoms Back pain Neurological deficit Bowel bladder dysfunction Weakness

12. Hypercalcaemia Life threatening condition It is a last manifestation of extensive malignancy Release of calcium more than in amount which can be eliminated by the kidney Because of bone destruction and demineralization .

13. Signs and symptoms Early s igns include fatigue anorexia nausea vomiting constipation polyuria serious signs and symptoms include Severe muscle weakness Diminished deep tendon reflex paralytic ileus d ehydration C hange in electrocardiogram

14. Intervention Monitor serum calcium level and ECG administer fluid use laxatives and stool softeners promote mobility administer medication to lower calcium level prepare the client for dialysis

15. Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) Tumors can produce , secrete , s tim ulate substances that mimics antidiuretic hormone .

16. Signs and symptoms MI symptoms include weakness muscle cramps loss of appetite fatigue serum sodium level range from 115 to 120 mEq/L s erious sign and symptoms related to water intoxication And include weight gain personality changes confusion extreme muscle weakness as the serum sodium level approaches 110 mEq/L seizures coma and eventually death will occur unless condition is treated rapidly

17. Intervention Initiate fluid restriction increase sodium intake Administer antagonist to diuretic hormone Monitor Serum sodium level Treat the underlying cause with chemotherapy and radiation

18. Sepsis and Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) Increased risk for infection specially gram-negative organisms in bloodstream ( sepsis or septicemia) and DIC a life threatening problem frequently associated with sepsis.

19. Intervention Early identification strict aseptic technique signs of bleeding and infection administer antibiotic intravenously administer anticoagulants in early phase of d i c Administer cryoprecipitate d clotting factors

20. Thank You