Operon Concept

Basic of operon concepts, lac operon, trp operon, on/off mechanism

1. OPERON CONCEPT
M.Ponninselvam
2018/BT/10/ML
MBB 502 –FUNDAMENTALS OF
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY

2. GENE
In molecular term genecommonly defined as the entire
nucleotide sequences that is necessary for the synthesis
of a fundamental gene product.

3. How A Gene Express
Central Dogma of Life

4. Need of Gene Regulation
Through the genes express to specify
a particular character regulation of
gene action is inevitable.
If its not regulated ,the unwanted
biological products(RNA , protein)
produced unnecessarily that cause
the waste of energy & it may effects
other useful cellular activities.
So gene regulation is essential.

5. Regulation of Gene Expression
•Each cell of the living organisms contain thousands of genes.
•But all genes do not function at a time.
•Genes control the phenotypic expression of characters
through the production of specific enzymes.
•The synthesis of particular enzyme is depending upon the
requirement of the cell.
•Thus, there exists an on-off system which regulates protein
synthesis in all living cells -study of this on-off mechanism is
called regulation of gene expression.

6. Regulation of gene expression
Gene expression is regulated at different levels.
•Transcriptional level
•Translation level
•Enzyme function
Most of the research indicate that regulation of transcription
is the most important mode of control of gene expression.

7. The Operon
Gene organization in prokaryotes &bacteriophages--
“THE OPERON”
Operon-isaco-ordinatedgroupofgeneswhichareall
transcribedtogether&regulateametabolicpathwayasa
unit.
Whenthegenesinanoperonaretranscribed,asinglemRNAis
producedandthismRNAissaidtobepolycistronicbecauseit
carriestheinformationformorethanonetypeofprotein.

8. The Operon
•French scientists F. Jacob andJacques Monod first coined the
term "operon" in a short paper published in 1960.
•They elaborated the concept of the operonbased on their
studies on the lacgenes (genes for the metabolism of lactose
sugar) of the bacterium Escherichia coliand the genes of
bacteriophagelambda.
•Jacob and Monod received the Nobel Prize in 1985 for this
work.

9. The Operon
The operonconsists of
•Structural genes
•Operator
•Promoter
•Regulator gene
Structural Genes –Encode enzymes for the biosynthetic
& metabolicpathway
Mainly controlled by promoter& operator

10. The Operon
Operator–
DNAsegmentfoundwithinthepromoterorbetweenthe
promoterandthestructuralgenes.
Actsasanon/offswitchbybindingoftheregulatory
proteins&determineswhetherRNApolymerasewillbind
andinitiatetranscription.
Operator
Binding Region for regulatory proteinRegulatory protein
(Repressor or Activator)

11. The Operon
Promotor
•The promoter segment is a place where mRNA polymerase
binds with DNA.
•The main function of promoter gene is to initiate mRNA
transcription.
•The promoter starts mRNA transcription only when
operator is free.
•When repressor binds with operator, inactivates the
promoter gene and prevents transcription.
Promoter

12. The Operon
•The regulator gene is located either on one end of the
operonor away from the operon.
•The function of the regulator gene is to synthesis a protein
called repressor.
•The repressor may be either activeor inactive.
Regulator gene

13. The Operon
Repressors and Activators are regulatory proteins that bind to
operator region of DNA and control transcription.
Co-repressors and Inducersare small “effector” molecules
that bind to repressors or activators
Based on the regulatory protein the operonsare classified into
two types
i) Positive control & ii) Negative control
Inducible Repressible Inducible Repressible

14. Negative Regulation –Inducible operon
Regulator Protein (Repressor) binds to operator DNA and this
binding stops transcription.
Repressor affect the binding of RNA Polymerase to promoter
region of the operon.
Only when repressor leaves the operator, the enzyme initiates
transcription immediately.
Whenrepressorinteracts with specific molecules called inducer,
they become inactive.
Inducer drastically change the binding capacity of repressors.
Transcription of the operonbegins. ---Lac operon

15. Negative Regulation –Inducible operon
Lac operon
Breaks down lactose into
glucose & galactose.
This protein, found in the
E.colicytoplasmicmembrane,
actively transports lactose
into the cells
The function of this
enzyme is not known.

16. Lacoperon
Inducer absent

17. Lac operon
Inducer present

18. Negative Regulation –Repressible operon
The repressorencoded by the regulator gene is inactiveand
unable to bind operator.
Operonis normally functional or de-repressed.
When the repressor interacts with the effector
(corepressor) –becomes active& bind operator DNA.
Transcription is stopped –Operonbecomes repressed.
These operonsencode enzyme for catalyze biosynthetic
pathway –tryptophan& histidinebiosynthesis.

19. Tryptophan Operon
Itisaclusterofgeneswhichregulatesenzymesproduction
neededforbiosynthesisoftryptophan.

20. Working of Trp-operon
Working in absence & presence of tryptophan

21. Transcriptional Attenuation
It is a second regulatory
process, in which
transcription is initiated
normally but is abruptly
halted before the operon
genes are transcribed.
The trpoperonattenuation
mechanism uses signals encoded in
four sequences within a 162
nucleotide leader region at the 5’ end
of the mRNA, preceding the initiation
codonof the first gene.

22. Within the leader lies a region known
as attenuator, made up of seq. 3 and 4.
These sequences base pair to form a
G≡C rich stem and loopstructure
closely followed by a series of U
residues.
The attenuator structure act as a
transcription terminator
If seq. 2 and 3base pair the attenuator
structure cannot form and
transcriptioncontinues into the trp
biosynthetic genes.

23. When tryptophanconc. are high,
conc. of charged tryptophan tRNA
are also high. This allows translation
to proceed rapidly pass the two trp
codonsof seq.1 and seq. 2, before
seq. 3 is synthesized by RNA
polymerase.
In this situation, seq. 2 is covered
by the ribosome , and unavailable
for paring to seq. 3 when it is
synthesized; the attenuator
structure seq. 3 and 4 forms and
transcription halts.

24. When tryptophanconcentrations
are low, the ribosomestalls at the
two Trpcodonsin seq. 1 because
the charged tryptophan tRNAis
unavailable.
Seq. 2 remains free while seq.3
is synthesized, allowing these
two sequences to base pair and
permitting transcriptionto
proceed.

25. Positive Regulation –Inducible Operon
Transcription of the operondoes not take place unless the
regulator protein is bind to the operator–Activators.
Inducible system, the activators is in an inactivestate and
cannot bind DNA.
Inducermolecule interacts with the activator, becomes active
and binds DNA.
Permitstranscriptionof concerned operon.
Catabolitesensitive operonsof E.colishow positive inducible
operons.

26. Positive Regulation –Inducible Operon
When both the glucoseand lactosepresent in medium.
Bacteria preferentially take firstglucose.
When glucose is highamount, then cyclic AMP will be very less
(Inversely proportional).
CataboliteActivator Protein (CAP) does not bind to CAP binding site
of promoter region.
So operonis not transcribed or very less amount is transcribed

27. Positive Regulation –Inducible Operon
When glucose level depleted, then bacteria takes up lactose.
Glucose level reduced, cyclic AMPgets increased.
Cyclic AMP (inducer) interacts with CAP -activate.
Activated CAP binds to promoterregion of operon.
Thus the transcriptionof operontake place.

28. CONCLUSION
As the gene expression
is needed to produce
a specific phenotype ,
regulation of gene action
is of same essence to
specify a given a phenotype
under a given circumstance

29. REFERENCE
Fund. Of Genetics -B.D.Singh
Molecular Cell Biology –HarveryLodish
Gene XI -Lewin