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1. Chapter 1: Overview of Database

2. Objectives After studying this chapter, you should be able to: Define each of the following key terms: data, information, data processing database and DBMS Discuss conventional file processing system and its limitations Discuss the concepts of database and DBMS Future trends and technologies Explain different database users

3. 1.1 Introduction A database is a shared collection of related data used to support the activities of a particular organization. Databases are designed to meet the information needs of an organization. Basic components of a Database system

4. 1.2 Data vs. Information Data: Collected facts about a topic or item. A Raw fact unorganized and unstructured. Information: The result of combining, comparing, and performing calculations on data. Ahmed SOHAR 16J45871 16S12546 Mohamed 99784555 NIZWA 9856321 Shehab 99568956 24S78541 SUR STUDENT_ID NAME ADDRESS PHONE 16S12546 Ahmed NIZWA 99568956 24S78541 Mohamed SOHAR 9856321 16J45871 Shehab SUR 99784555

5. Information: data are processed, interpreted, organized, structured or presented so as to make them meaningful or useful, they are called information Data : Raw facts, unorganized, unstructured

6. 1.3 Traditional file system concepts File Management System, or file system is a software that manages the data files in a computer system (derives). Each file is independent of other file and data in the different file is integrated by writing an individual program for each application.

7. A file Based System for a College

8. Disadvantages of File System Data Redundancy is (high): Data redundancy refers to the duplication of data. Program-Data Dependency is (high): Change in the data file structure would lead to change in application programs that access a given file. Data Integrity Problems : Change in the constraint on data item in a data file need to change in all the application programs accessing data file. Concurrent Access Anomalies : Concurrent access is the ability to allow multiple user access to the same record at the same time.

9. Advantages and Disadvantages of Traditional File System Advantages of Traditional File System Disadvantages of Traditional File System Simple to use. Data redundancy Less complex. Data inconsistency Minimal investment Limited data sharing No requirement of the specialist The problem with security. Time-consuming. Data dependence Inefficient to maintain the record of the big firm having a large number of items.

10. 1.4 Current Technologies and Trends. Industry 4.0 refers to a new phase in the Industrial Revolution that focuses heavily on interconnectivity, automation, machine learning, and real-time data. Industry 4.0, referred to: IoT IIoT Big Data Artificial intelligence Cloud computing

11. IoT IoT : stands for Internet of Things, a concept that refers to connections between physical objects like sensors or machines and the Internet. Examples of IoT Devices: Home Security. The key driver behind smart and secure homes is IoT. Activity Trackers. Smart home security cameras provide alerts and peace of mind. Industrial Security and Safety. Augmented Reality Glasses. Motion Detection

12. IIoT IIoT stands for the Industrial Internet of Things, a concept that refers to the connections between people, data, and machines as they relate to manufacturing.

13. IIoT vs IoT Basis IoT IIoT Utility It is mainly designated for individual customers, which can be used in homes and offices. It is used in a commercial that is industries. Security Security is not an issue in IoT in comparison to IIoT , as it does not include handling industrial processes. Security is major concern in IIoT as include organizations and business at large scale. Degree of Application It uses application with low-risk impact Its uses more sensitive and precise sensors Cost It is less expensive as the technology of IoT has been introduced by various companies It is more expensive in comparison to IoT as it has sensitive devices and industrial applications.

14. Big Data Big data: Big data refers to large sets of structured or unstructured data that can be compiled, stored, organized., and analysed to reveal patterns, trends, associations, and opportunities.

15. Artificial intelligence (AI): Artificial intelligence is a concept that refers to a computer’s ability to perform tasks and make decisions that would historically require some level of human intelligence. Example: Google Maps, Face Detection and recognition, E- Payment.

16. Cloud computing: Cloud computing refers to the practice of using interconnected remote servers hosted on the Internet to store, manage, and process information.

17. 1.5 Database & DBMS Concepts A database can be viewed as a repository of data that is defined once and then accessed by various users. Why Do I Need a Database Solution? To manage the following:  Multiple users  Multiple components/data items

18. DBMS Concepts … ctd A database management system (DBMS) is software that controls the storage, organization, and retrieval of data. It is a collection of programs that enables users to create and maintain databases and control all access to them. The primary goal of a DBMS is to provide an environment that is both convenient and efficient for users to retrieve and store information.

19. Advantages of Database Approach Reduced Data Redundancy . Ideally each data item is stored in only one place in the database. Program-Data dependence (low): data structure (meta data) is stored in the system catalogue ;therefore, one change is all that is needed to change the structure of a file Enforcing Integrity Constraints Ability to define and enforce certain constraints to ensure that users enter valid information and maintain data integrity. Concurrent Access : allow many users to access to the same data at the same time. The DBMS includes concurrency control subsystem to ensure that several users trying to update the same data do so in a controlled manner.

20. 1.8 File System vs. Database system File System Database System Easy-to-use system to store general files which require less security and constraints Database management system is used when security constraints are high. Data Redundancy is high Data Redundancy is low Data Inconsistency is high Data Inconsistency is low Security is low Security is high FS stores unstructured data as isolated data files/entities. DBS stores structured data which have well defined constraints and interrelation.

21. 1.6 Database Users End Users Who access the database from the terminal end. They use the developed applications and they don’t have any knowledge about the design and working of database. Database Designers Responsible to define the content, the structure, the constraints, and functions or transactions against the database. They must communicate with the end-users and understand their needs. Application Programmers These users implement specific application programs to access the stored data. They must be familiar with the DBMSs to accomplish their task.

22. Database Users.. ctd Database Administrators (DBA) DBA can be a single person or it can be a group of person. Database Administrator is responsible for everything that is related to database. DBA’s are responsible for authorizing access to the database, for coordinating and monitoring its use, controlling its use and monitoring efficiency of operations. DBA is responsible for: Deciding the instances for the database. Defining the Schema Communicating with Users Define Security Back-up and Recovery

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