ORAL COMMUNICATION IN CONTEXT. Week 6 (2).pptx

ORAL COMMUNICATION CONTEXT

1. Speech Act Theory

2. INTRODUCTION This concept was proposed was John L. Austin in 1962 one of the founders of pragmatic and later developed by John R. Searle in 1969, both philosophers of language. They believed that language is not only used to inform or to describe things, it is often used “to do things” to perform actions. In simple words action performed via utterances are generally called speech act.

3. DEFINITION A  speech act  in linguistics is something expressed by an individual that not only presents information, but performs an action as well. Example: “I’m hungry.” expresses hunger request for something to eat

4. EXERCISE Can you identify each of the following speech acts intends to convey: a request, an apology, a suggestion, a command, an offer, a rebuke, or an invitation? Speaker / Listener Speech Act incoming traveler to hotel clerk "Can I have a room on the top floor?" one student to another "You can use my eraser. Yours is almost gone." student 1 to student 2, just after 1 tells 2 she failed the exam "Do you want to study together for the next test?" a young woman to her friend "You know, they have a sale on diamond rings at the mall this weekend."

5. Types of Speech Act Speech Act 1. Locutionary 2. illocutionary 3. Perlocutionary Speech Act Speech Act Speech Act

6. 1. Locutionary Speech Act Locutionary Speech Act is a basic act of utterance, or producing a meaningful linguistic expression. ( literal meaning of the words) What is actually said by the speaker. (words that are spoken) Statements , questions etc Example: “The coffee tastes great.”

7. 2. Illocutionary Speech Act In an illocutionary speech act, it is not just saying something itself, but the act of saying something with the intention of: Stating an opinion Making a promise or request Issuing an order or a decision Giving an advice or permission (what the locution really is) Examples: “I’ll do my homework later.” (promise) “Go to your work!” (order)

8. 3. Perlocutionary Speech Act Perlocutionary act is the effect produced on the listener when they listen locutionary act or this is the hears response. Example: “I’ll take you to Disneyland for your birthday.” the hearer jumps up and down with joy.

9. Give me an apple.

10. Continue… Locutionary Act : the utterance itself. Illocutionary Act : command / request. Perlocutionary Act : A passes B an apple.

11. Searle's Five Illocutionary Points Searle's Five Illocutionary Points 1. Directive 3. Representative 5. Expressive 2. Commissive 4. Declarative

12. 1. Directive The speaker trying to get someone to do something else. (command , invitation, request) It means the speaker wants the hearer to do what the speaker wants. Example: “Can you pass me the salt?” (request) 2. Commissive The speaker commit themselves to doing something. (promise, offer, threats) It means the speaker commits to the listener. Example: “If you do it again. I’ll beat you.” (threat) “ I promise to come to your birthday.” (promise)

13. 3. Representative/Assertive What the speaker believe, predict. Example: “I call him a liar.” (the speaker describe someone as a liar as he believe.) 4. Declarative Statements that change the situations immediately within the context. Example: “You are fired, get out.”

14. 5. Expressive Are utterances in which speaker expresses feelings and attitude. (apologies, complaint, thanks, compliments) Example: “I’m sorry for being late.” “The dress looks really good on you.”

15. Exercise No. Utterances Directive Commissive Assertive Declarative Expressive 1. We can do anything! 2. Don’t touch that. 3. The earth is round. 4. I’m really sorry. 5. I’ll be back. 6. Referee: You’re out! 7. Congratulations! Types of Speech Act

16. Exercise No. Utterances Directive Commissive Assertive Declarative Expressive 1. We can do anything! 2. Don’t touch that. 3. The earth is round. 4. I’m really sorry. 5. I’ll be back. 6. Referee: You’re out! 7. Congratulations! Types of Speech Act

17. Speech Act 1. Locutionary 2. Illocutionary 3. Perlocutionary Speech Act Speech Act Speech Act 1. Directive 3. Representative 5. Expressive 2. Commissive 4. Declarative