Oral Insulin-new.pptx

small description of insulin history and oral insulin development

1. Historical milestone of development of oral insulin delivery modules Presented by Sohel Rana M.Pharm 1 st Year (Pharmaceutics) 1 st semester Roll No: PG/06/MPHARMP/2022/030 Registration No : AU/2022/0008257

2. Contents History of insulin Definition Structure Oral insulin Advantages & challenges Future perspective Conclusion References Acknowledgement

3. History of Insulin The discovery of insulin was one of the most important milestones in medicine- a Nobel Prize-winning moment in science. Paul Langerhans had discovered the beta cell 1869. In 1889 Oskar Minkowski & Joseph discovered that removing a dog’s pancreas would provoke severe symptoms of diabetes. Insulin was discovered by Sir Frederick G Banting (pictured), Charles H Best and JJR Macleod at the University of Toronto in 1922.

4. DEFINITION Insulin  is a peptide hormone secreted by the β cells of the pancreatic islets of Langerhans and maintains normal blood glucose levels by facilitating cellular glucose uptake, regulating carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism and promoting cell division and growth through its mitogenic effects. SECRETION: β - cell in pancreatic islet DEGRADATION: Liver & Kidney. HALF LIFE: 3-5 min in plasma

5. Structure of insulin Consist of 2 polypeptide chains (A and B) connected by disulphide bonds. Chain A with 21 amino acid residues. Chain B with 30 amino acid residues.

6. ORAL INSULIN Type 1 diabetes and many cases of type 2 diabetes are treated with insulin injections. For decades, these injections have been the only way to deliver insulin. You might wonder, why hasn’t an easier way to give insulin been developed? The truth is, for more than 80 years, people have been trying to develop a form of insulin you can swallow. Pharmaceutical companies, government agencies, and universities have done extensive research in hopes of developing this.  Oral insulin is a reality: it is simply a matter of when. The realisation that insulin injections are going to have to become a part of everyday life can be extremely harrowing for many diabetics.

7. WHY ORAL INSULIN

8. HOW ORAL INSULIN WORK With injectable insulin, you use a needle to inject the insulin into the fatty tissue beneath your skin. Oral insulin, on the other hand, would move through your digestive system. It would be absorbed into your bloodstream through your intestines. From your intestines, it would move into your portal vein, a blood vessel that connects to your liver. Then the insulin would move directly into your liver, where glucose (blood sugar) is stored. Moving insulin more quickly into your liver could help your body absorb and use glucose better . 

9. Challenges

10. Oral insulin products that have been tested in the clinic Research group Product name Formulation Development phase Technologies Nobex Eligen TM Tablet II Biocon IN- 105 Tablet III Diabetology Capsulin Capsule II

11. CURRENT AND FUTURE OPTIONS While researchers continue to strive for a pill form of insulin, another form is now available. AFREZZA inhalation powder was approved by the Food and Drug Administration in 2014. Clinical studies are ongoing for other oral forms of insulin. For instance, a buccal spray is being studied. This drug would be sprayed into your mouth and absorbed into your bloodstream through the mucus membrane of your cheek.

12. CONCLUSION Non-invasive hormone and peptide administration has been an interesting challenge for a long time in the pharmaceutical drug delivery field. The limited administration routes and low oral bioavailability of insulin have attracted many scientists since and they improve more physiological and non-invasive insulin delivery options such as buccal, nasal and ocular delivery routes. Oral delivery of pharmaceuticals especially hormones is of higher preference among all other administration routes. The convenience of administration by patients themselves is a major factor for consideration. In line with this, physicians and clinical diabetologists favour the oral route in diabetes treatment to ensure patient compliance.

13. References Young LE, Phillips WA, Murlin JR. New results on the absorption of insulin from the alimentary tract. Am J Physiol 1939; 128: 81–91. Gedawy, A., Martinez, J., Al-Salami, H., & Dass, C. R. (2018). Oral insulin delivery: existing barriers and current counter-strategies. Xiao, Y., Tang, Z., Wang, J., Liu, C., Kong, N., Farokhzad, O. C., & Tao, W. (2020). Oral insulin delivery platforms Wajberg E, Miyazaki Y, Triplitt C, Cersosimo E, Defronzo RA. Dose– response effect of a single administration of oral hexyl-insulin monoconjugate 2 in healthy non-diabetic subjects. Diabetes Care 2004; 27: 2868–2874. Oral Insulin and Buccal Insulin: A Critical Reappraisal Lutz Heinemann, Ph.D.1 and Yves Jacques, Ph.D.2 Fonte, P., Araújo, F., Reis, S., & Sarmento, B. (2013). Oral insulin delivery: how far are we?  Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology ,  7 (2), 520–531. M., A. (2012). Oral delivery of insulin: Novel approaches. In  Recent Advances in Novel Drug Carrier Systems . InTech. Leung FK, Jing Li, Song Y, Wong S, Hornig W, Leung E. Improved Efficacy of Intesulin (Oral Insulin) Formulated with Unmodified Regular Insulin in Normal Rats. San Diego: American Diabetes Association, 65th Scientific Sessions, 2005 Schwartz S, Geho B, Rosenberg L, Lau J. Single-blind, Placebo-controlled, Dose-ranging Trial of Oral HDV-insulin in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. San Francisco American Diabetes Association, 68th Scientific Sessions, 2008. Whitelaw CD, Kelly CA, Ironmonger W, Cunliffe C, New R, Phillips JN. Absorption of Orally Ingested Insulin in Human Type 1 Diabetic Subjects: Proof of Concept Study. San Diego: American Diabetes Association, 65th Scientific Sessions, 2005.

14. Acknowledgement I would like to express my gratitude to the Pharmaceutics faculty of Adamas University, I’m thankful to our Dean sir, Dr. Sajal Jha and HOD sir, Dr. Sanjay Dey, for giving me the opportunity to present this topic. Secondly I like to thanks my parents to help me always in my studies.

15. THANK YOU