Organic agriculture scope and problems for conservation

About organic agriculture short and benefecial

1. Organic Agriculture - Scope and Problems for Resource Conservation and Sustainability SALEMAN SULTANI ON

2. Content: Introduction Principles and Components of Organic Agriculture Scope and status of Organic Agriculture Goals of Organic Agriculture Problems and Constrains of Organic Agriculture Integral Conservation Activities for Organic Production Systems Sustainability issues

3. Introduction Organic agriculture includes all agricultural systems that promote the environmentally, socially and economically sound production of food and fibers. These systems take local soil fertility as a key to successful production. By respecting the natural capacity of plants, animals and the landscape, it aims to optimize quality in all aspects of agriculture and the environment. Organic agriculture dramatically reduces external inputs by refraining from the use of chemosynthetic fertilizers, pesticides, and pharmaceuticals .

4. In 1980, the USDA released a landmark report of organic farming. The report defined organic farming as a production system, which avoids or largely excludes the use of synthetic organic fertilizers, pesticides, growth regulators and livestock feed additives. According to Codex definition (FAO), organic agriculture is production management system, which promotes and enhances agro-ecosystem health, including biodiversity, biological cycles and biological activity. 1972. IFOAM defines : Organic agriculture is a production system that sustains the health of soils, ecosystems and people. It relies on ecological processes, biodiversity and cycles adapted to local conditions, rather than the use of inputs with adverse effects. Definition

5. Principles of organic farming:

6. Principle of Health : Organic Farming sustains and enhances the health of soil, plant, animal, human and planet as one and indivisible. In particular, organic farming is meant to produce high quality, nutritious food that contributes to health care and prosperous . In view of this it avoids the use of fertilizers, pesticides, animal drugs and food additives that may have adverse health effects . Principle of Ecology: Organic Farming is based on living ecological systems and cycles, work with them, emulate them and help sustain them .

7. Principle of Fairness: Organic farming should build on relationships that ensure fairness with regard to the common environment and livelihood opportunities. Fairness is characterised by equity, respect, justice and stewardship of the shared world , both among people and in their relations to other living beings . Principle of care: Organic Farming is a living and dynamic system that responds to internal and external demands and conditions. Practitioners of Organic Farming can enhance efficiency and increase productivity, but this should not be at the risk of health and well-being .

8. The most important characteristics of organic farming are as follows:- Maximal but sustainable use of local resources. Minimal use of purchased input , only as complementary to local resources. Ensuring the basic biological functions of soil water nutrients humus continuum . Maintain a diversity of plant and animal species as a basis for ecological balance and economic stability. Creating an attractive overall landscape which gives satisfaction to the local people. Increasing crop and animal diversity in the form of polyculture , agroforestry systems, integrated crop/livestock systems, etc. to minimize risk. CHARACTERSTICS OF ORGANIC FARMING :

9. Components of Organic Agriculture

10. crop rotation: It is a systematic arrangement for the growing of different crops in a more or less regular sequence on the same land covering a period of two years or more . The selection of optimal crop rotation is important for successful sustainable agriculture. Crop rotation is very important. Soil fertility management, weed, insect and disease control . Legumes are essential in any rotation.

11. crop residue: About 50% of the crop residues are utilized as animal fed, the rest could be very well utilized for recycling of nutrients . Adequate care is required to use the residues after proper composting with efficient microbial inoculants. While the incorporation of crop residues e.g. Wheat and Rice straw, as such or inoculated with fungal species had beneficial effects on crop yields and important in physico -chemical properties of soil.

12. Fig. Contribution of various crops in residue generation in India (Calculated from MNRE report 2009 ).

13. Organic manure: Manures are plant and animal wastes that are used as sources of plant nutrients. The organic manure is derived from biological sources like plant, animal and human residues . Organic manure act in many ways in augmenting crop growth and soil productivity . The direct effect of organic manure relates to the uptake of humic substances or its decomposition products affecting favourably the growth and yield of plants . Indirectly, it augments the beneficial soil microorganisms and their activities and thus increases the availability of major and minor plant nutrients .

14. Waste: Organic waste is any material that is biodegradable and comes from either a plant or an animal. Industrial waste : Among the industrial by products, spent wash from ditilisers and molasses and pressmud from sugar industry have good manurial value . It is important to use only well decomposed pressmud at 10 tones/ha . Municipal and Sewage waste: It also forms an important component of organic waste. containing about 0.5% N, 0.3% P2O5 and 0.3% K2O. Sewage sludge containing 3% N, 2% P and 0.3% K ( Bharadwaj and Gaur, 1985). Sewage sludge particularly from industrialized cities is contaminated with heavy metals and these pose hazards to plants, animals and human beings.

15. Bio fertilizer: Bio-fertilizers are the living organisms capable of fixing atmospheric nitrogen or making native soil nutrients available to crops . Bio-fertilizer is microorganism's culture capable of fixing atmospheric nitrogen when suitable crops are inoculated with them . The main inputs are microorganisms, which are capable of mobilizing nutritive elements from non-usable form to usable form through biological process.

16. Bio-pesticide : Bio pesticides are certain types of pesticides derived from such natural materials as animals, plants , bacteria. Vermicompost : It is organic manure produced by the activity of earthworms. It is generally estimated that 1800 worms which is an ideal population for one sq. meter can feed on 80 tones of humus per year . These are rich in macro and micronutrients, vitamins, growth hormones and immobilized microflora .

17. Table shows:Nutritional composition of vermicompost and conventional compost Practical on Vermicompost , Dr.DK.Shahi nutrients Vermi-compost Conventional compost N 1.9% 1.4% C/N 13.6 20.6 P(%) 2.0 20.6 K(%) 0.8 0.7 Zn(ppm) 100 80 Cu(ppm) 48 40 Mn(ppm) 500 260

18. This does not pollute the soil. The quality of food products improves with organic farming. Provide health back to the consumer . Organic manures produce optimal conditions in the soil for high yield and good quality crops. Supply all the nutrients required by the plant (N, P, K secondary and micro nutrients). Improve the soil physical and chemical properties . Reduce the need for purchased inputs . Organically grown plants are more resistant to diseases and insects. Advantages of Organic Agriculture

19. It increases productivity at lower cost . Environmental friendly . It reduces food contamination and increased food equality. Sustainable devolpment :( sustainable development in environmental , social and economic. ) Role in climate changes(Global warming). Role in keeping biodiversity. Role of organic agriculture:

20. Limitations of Organic farming Organic manure is not abundantly available and on plant nutrient basis it may be more expensive than chemical fertilizers if organic inputs are purchased. Production in organic farming declines especially during first few years, so the farmer should be given premium prices for organic produce. The guidelines  for organic production, processing, transportation and certification etc are beyond the understanding of ordinary farmers. Marketing of organic produce is also not properly streamlined .

21. Why is organic food more expensive than conventional food? 1.High production cost. 2. Organic food supply is limited as compared to demand . 3.Post harvest handling especially for transportation and storage. 4. Inefficient Marketing and the distribution .

22. With convetional and chemical farming: It created a lack of biodiversity in the global cropland structures. It reduces the quality of the soil used for growing crops . requires non-renewable resources to generate results. . It creates health impacts and problems that we must consider with its practices. contamination of soil and water by conventional A. Need of Organic Agriculture

23. Organic Farming vs Conventional Farming Organic Agriculture Conventional A griculture . Organic farming can withstand severe weather conditions , while conventional farming cannot Synthetic agrochemicals such as inorganic fertilizer, chemical pesticides, and growth promoters are not utilized in organic farming. while such agro chemicals are allowed in conventional farming. Genetically modified organisms are not allowed in the organic farming. However, such barriers are not in conventional farming. Certified organic products are very expensive in the market by compared to the Conventional farming products. Contribution for the environmental pollution is zero in organic farming, while it is very high in conventional farming. Agronomic practices such as crop rotation, biological pest control, biodynamic concepts, etc. are common in organic farming; such practices are rare in conventional farming. Products of organic farming are healthier and free from health hazards in comparison to the products of conventional farming

24. Scope of Organic farming Organic production is a holistic system designed to optimize the productivity and fitness of diverse communities within the agro-ecosystem, including soil organisms, plants, livestock and people. The principal goal of organic production is to develop enterprises that are sustainable and harmonious with the environment . Organic residues and nutrients produced on the farm are recycled back to the soil . This system merits consideration on the ground that most of the ill effects of modern day agriculture are avoided. Use of agro chemical is forbidden. There is emphasis on build up or organic matter in the soil, there by activating biological activity. Soil is treated as a living organism

25. Scopes of organic farming in India Inherent advantages such as its varied agro-climatic regions, local self-sustaining agri -systems, sizeable number of progressive farmers and ready availability of inexpensive manpower translate into the potential to cultivate organically a vast basket of products. India is a rich heritage of agricultural traditions make it suitable for designing organic production system . Only 30% of India’s total cultivable area is covered with fertilizer where irrigation facilities are available and the remaining 70% of the arable land ,which is mainly rainfed area , has not been using any fertilizer. It is estimated that around 600-700 mt of agricultural waste is available in the country( india ) every year but most of it goes waste.

26. STATUS OF ORGANIC FARMING Certified area in world 37.2 m ha Certified area in India 2.5 m ha Total market of organic in the world 54.9 billion dollars Total market of organic in India 0.3 billion dollars Countries with the largest market U.S., Germany and France Highest per capita consumption Denmark, Switzerland and Austria Highest growth in sales (2010) organic fruits and vegetables (11.8% over 2009 sales) Organic food and beverage sales 4% of total beverages Annual growth rate in India (2007-11) 14-16% The World of Organic Agriculture : Statistics and Emerging Trends (2011)

27. Top Ten Countries in Terms of Area Under Organic Farming S.NO Country Area under organic Farming (m. ha) % of organic land of total agricultural land 1 Australia 10.0000 2.20 2 Argentina 2.9600 1.70 3 USA 0.9500 0.23 4 UK 0.7245 4.22 5 Germany 0.6969 4.10 6 South Africa 0.0045 0.05 7 China 0.3012 0.06 8 Japan 0.0005 0.10 9 India 0.0370 0.03 10 Pakistan 0.0002 0.08 All over world 24.0700 1.60 SOEL Survey, 2004 Indian journal of Ferteiisers 1(9): 111-123

28. Organic agriculture land by regions Region Organic agriculture land (million hectares) Africa 2.056 Asia 6.116 Europe 14.558 Latin America 8.0 North America 3.223 Oceania 35.894 World 69.845 Source: FiBL Survey 2019

29. To produce food of high quality in sufficient quantity. To encourage and enhance biological cycles within the farming system, involving micro-organisms , soil flora and fauna, plants and animals. To maintain and increase long term fertility of soils. To maintain the genetic diversity of the production system and its surroundings, including the protection of plant and wildlife habitats . The principle aims of organic production and processing:

30. Continued To promote the healthy use and proper care of water, water resources and all life therein. To use, as far as possible, renewable resources in locally organised production systems . To give all livestock conditions of life with due consideration for the basic aspects of their innate behaviour . To minimise all forms of pollution . To produce fully biodegradable organic products . To produce textiles which are long-lasting and of good quality.

31. Goal 1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger. Goal 2. Achieve universal primary education. Goal 3. Promote gender equality and empower women. Goal 4. Reduce child mortality. Goal 5. Improve maternal health. Goal 6. Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases. Goal 7. Ensure environmental sustainability. Goal 8. Develop a global partnership for development The Millennium Development Goals and Organic Agriculture:

32. Social and political problem. Insufficient earnings from bio-products production. Unsuitable crop rotations . Insufficient seed grain production. Lack of expert knowledge . Insufficient processing capacities. Low consumption of bio-products. High share of imported bio-products Problem. Major problems of organic farming in general

33. Problems faced by the farmers in practicing organic farming S.NO Problems Respondents Frequency*f   n=60 percenatge % 1 Input problems (a) Lack of vermi compost 60 100.00 (b) Lack of specific bio fertilizer for crops 57 95.00 (c) Lack of resistant varieties 43 71.67 (d) Non-availability of bio fertilizer 33 55.00 (e) Non-availability of bio pesticides 33 55.00 (f) Non-availability of seed in time 11 18.03 2 Information seeking and sharing problems     (a) Lack of relevant literature 39 65.00 (b) Frequency of contact by firm consultants with farmers is less 43 71.67 3 Socio- culturl problems     (a) High cost of cultivation 48 80.00 (b) Low yield 60 100.00 Ref : Agriculture: Towards a New Paradigm of Sustainability ISBN: 978-93-83083-64-0

34. Low opportunities to them(farmers)to participate in organic farming rotated training and visits . Less attention paid by the organic agriculture promotional organization them into organic farmers. Input cost in organic farming is generally higher than the conventional. Labor is a major type of input costs in organic production. Lack of knowledge on production technologies , compost management, and pest control are the major reasons behind non-adoption of organic farming. reasons behind less adoption of organic farming

35. Low amount of nutrients and high C: N ratio of different organic residues. Low yield of crops in initial stages of organic farming Market and Infrastructural problems and lack of target (institutional) groups . Control of weeds . Scarcity of biomass . High input costs. Certifying oriented problems. Constrains in organic farming

36. Cover Crops : Organic manure and compost: Crop rotation: Tillage and Residue Management : Ipm : Buffers and Natural Areas : Organic Grazing: Integral Conservation Activities for Organic Production Systems

37. Integral Conservation Activities for Organic Production Systems : Cover Crops: The purposes of cover cropping in organic systems do not differ from those in conventionally managed systems . However, the multiple functions of cover crops take on greater importance in organic systems in which synthetic chemical fertilizers and pesticides are generally not used. Cover crops can fix N (legumes); improve availability of P, K, and other soil nutrients; add organic matter and feed the soil food web; protect the soil from erosion and compaction; suppress weeds and disrupt pest and disease life cycles; and provide habitat for beneficial organisms .

38. Green manure Dry Matter Kg/ha Macro nutrients in dry matter 1 (kg/ha) Ratio C/N­­ 1 N P K Summer species   Pigeon pea 9.153 240 13 240 22 Jack bean 7.703 246 12 433 16 Black –seeded mucna 7.500 192 10 108 21 Winter species           Oilseed radish 4.771 86 11 156 19 White lupine 4.012 75 5 55 26 Black oats 3.680 48 7 84 39 Hairy vetch 2.942 81 7 81 17 Table: estimation of the quantity of macronutrients that accumulate annually in the above-ground parts of some species of green manure/cover crops sown on small farms. Chore Experimental Station.

39. Organic manure and compost: compost is a manure derived from decomposed plant residues usually made by fermenting waste plant materials heaped or put in a pit usually in alternate layers with a view to bring the plant nutrients in a more readily available form . Compost is an important soil amendment for many organic farms because it provides an inoculum of beneficial soil organisms as well as humus, micronutrients, and slow-release N, P, and K . When farms or fields with poor soil health and low nutrient levels are first brought into organic production, heavy compost applications (10–20 tons per acre) can be the quickest way to improve soil fertility.

40. Crop rotation: the successive cultivation of different crops in a specified order on the same fields. Crop rotations are required on organic farms and are used to reduce pest and disease problems, reduce weed pressure, reduce soil erosion, build organic matter, and support a diverse soil microbial community. Rotations that include several crops of different plant families support better soil health than simpler rotations. A diverse crop rotation that includes legumes and deep rooted crops can enhance the efficient cycling and utilization of crop nutrients.

41. Rotation Yield N Starch Oil S   Mg ha -1 g kg -1 C-C 5.3 ‡ 13.7b 792.5a 33.4b 0.94b C-s 7.2a 13.6b 794.2a 33.2b 0.93b C-S-W/A-A 6.8a 16.9a 760.9b 36.5a 1.05a Grain Yield and concentration of N starch ,oil and S in grain harvested from plots managed under different crop rotation treatments ( Agronomy Journa . 101:870-879 )

42. Tillage and Residue Management: Tillage is mechanical modification of soil structure . Tillage may be defined as the practice of modifying the state of soil in order to provide conditions favorable for plant growth. Tillage can also been defined as the mechanical manipulation of soil with certain implement or tools to provide a suitable environment for seed germination root growth, weed control, soil erosion control and moisture conservation .

43. Tillage creating good growing conditions for crops: Loosen the soil to facilitate the penetration of plant roots Improve the aeration (nitrogen and oxygen from the air) Encourage the activity of the soil organisms Increase infiltration of water Reduce evaporation Destroy or control weeds and soil pests Incorporate crop residues and manures into the soil Prepare the site for seeds and seedlings Repair soil compaction caused by previous activities

44. Treatment Sorghum grain yield 1 Runoff 2 (mm) Soil loss 2 (t ha -1 ) 10 cm deep traditional ploughing 15 cm non inverted primary tillage 15 cm deep mouldboard ploughing 25 cm deep mouldboard ploughing 2.52 2.83 2.76 3.22 128 102 106 85 1.66 1.62 1.70 1.41 Table:Effect of different tillage treatments on sorghum grain yield, runoff and soil loss, ( ICRISAT Centre 1983-1987) (ICRISAT 1988)

45. Table shows:Grain and taproot yieldsa (averaged 2004-2010) of winter wheat and sugar beets (tons ha-1) Field site Tillage Winter Wheat Sugar beets Friemar (Thuringia Conventional Tillage 8.2 74.3 No- Tillage 7.6 69.8 Grombach(Baden-Wurttenberg) Conventional Tillage 7.3 69.9 No- Tillage 7.3 58.5 Luttewitz(Saxony) Conventional Tillage 8.8 67.8 No- Tillage 8.3 61.1 journal/agriculture

46. NEGATIVE EFFECTS OF TILLAGE Compaction of soil below the depth of tillage ( formation of a tillage pan) Crusting of soil when soil pulverization is followed by rain , stimulating weed seed germination and inhibiting crop emergence Increased susceptibility to water and wind erosion associated with residue removal and soil loosening Accelerated decomposition of organic matter, which is undesirable from a long-term perspective Cost of equipment purchase and operation Energy cost of tillage operations Labour and temporal obligations

47. Integrated pest management: Integrated pest management (IPM), is a pest management system that, in the context of associated environment and population dynamics, utilizes all the appropriate techniques to minimize the pest population at levels below those causing economic injury. Though several parasitoids, predators and pathogens of pests, antagonistic microorganisms were known to be effective for several decades, they were not commercially exploited because of quick knock down effect and easy availability of chemical pesticides instead of bio pesticides and IPM . Steadily, there has been growing appreciation about the role of cultural and biological methods in pest control. Cultural and biological methods are the two major components in integrated plant protection .

48. Buffers and Natural Areas : According to the USDA organic regulations, a buffer zone is “an area located between a certified production operation or portion of a production operation and an adjacent land area that is not maintained under organic management . Or a buffer zone is an area between certified organic production and non-organic land. Buffer zones provide a dedicated area to prevent contamination . buffers are generally designed for other purposes, such as erosion control, some organic producers also use them to reduce pesticide and pollen transport.

49. Organic Grazing: In Agriculture, grazing is a method of Animal husbandry whereby domestic livestock are used to convert grass and other forage into meat, milk, wool and other products, often on land .

50. A.Economic sustainability: Export vs. local orientation : From economic perspective, an export-oriented production system is considered more important than those that supply domestic demands . Debt: The green revolution raised India’s grain production by multifold. At the same time, a large number of small-scale farmers trapped into debt. They took loans to raise production and on failure in re-paying, about 40,000 desperate farmers committed suicide.

51. Continue: Market risk: Concentrating on specific commodities although promises high economic returns, is vulnerable to market risks. Market fluctuates quickly and a disproportional sweep of low priced international agricultural produce into the national market, may lead Indian farmers at risk . Employment : Agriculture is the main source of employment for rural people. Specialized and mechanized practices reduce rural employment. Sustainable agriculture, as witnessed through organic farming system, being labor-intensive helps overcome such problems .

52. B. Social sustainability: Inclusiveness : Development is a process of organized and dimensional growth driven by negative feed backs. It cannot be sustainable unless it is inclusive reducing poverty for the broad masses of people. This has particular concern for countries like ours country having very large gap between rich and poor. Political unrest: Rising gaps between rich and poor feed social injustice driving poor masses to feel neglected and excluded from developmental opportunities. The result is the political unrest, violence, and economic unstability .

53. conntiue Local acceptance : Many new technologies fail for being based on practices followed outside. Sustainable agricultural practices consider local social customs, traditions, norms and taboos. Thus , the local acceptance enhances harmony, fulfill needs and promote sustained growth and yield . Indigenous knowledge: Sustainable agriculture often focuses on the use of traditional knowledge and local innovation. Locally adapted breeds and crop varieties coupled with their social structures to manage and conserve common resources, can support strengthen stability in agriculture. Gender: In traditional agriculture, women bear the heaviest load in terms of labor. Sustainable agriculture ensures that the loads and benefits to be shared more equitably between men and women .

54. Food security: Modern farming approaches in India consider few crops only and fail to provide variety and a balanced diet. Sustainable agriculture ensures food security by improving the quality and nutritional value of food with greater range of crop varieties and edible produce . Participation: From social point of view, sustainable agriculture involves full participation of vibrant rural communities to ensure safe and sustained food supply for everyone.

55. Is organic agriculture the answer to the sustainability problem? To ensure that organic agriculture is the answer to the sustainability problem, it has to be adapted to the local farming, social, geographical and climatic factors. The principles of organic agriculture are guides to tailor organic practices to each individual farming location . For example, there will always be locations where certain crops cannot be grown sustainably or economically using the current range of organic methods . As more becomes known about the environmental, social and economic performance of organic agriculture in a growing range of settings ,rational decisions can be made about the prospects and limitations of organic agriculture and general requirements for success can be identified.

56. CAN ORGANIC AGRICULTURE FEED THE WORLD? Many see organic agriculture as the most sustainable form of farming and as the paradigm for global food production in the future. Hence, the question of whether organic agriculture alone could actually feed the world with its 7.5 billion people today, and likely over 9 billion people by 2050, arises time and again ( Badgley et al. 2007, Connor 2008, Erb et al .) Given that organic farming today only accounts for 1% of the agricultural land, a total conversion to organic agriculture does not seem to be a realistic scenario in the foreseeable future, but it is nevertheless an interesting thought experiment . (2016 , Seufert & Ramankutty 2017, Muller et al. 2017, Taheri et al. 2017).

57. Sustainable Consumption: When calculating the food quantities that have to be produced to feed the world population, current patterns and trends of food consumption are typically assumed. However , a significant share of the food produced is lost or wasted along the value chain, including foods thrown away by the end-consumer (FAO 2011). Moreover , the high consumption of meat and dairy products in many parts of the world is associated with considerable resource inefficiencies . In other words, much less food production would be required if food losses and waste were reduced and if all people became vegetarians or vegans .

58. CONCLUSION OA is a production system that sustain the health of soil, ecosystem and people . OA is the back bone of sustainable agriculture which depend on crop rotation, organic manure , green manure, compost, vermi-compost, crop residue and waste, biofertilizer and biopesticide . Principle of care , principle of health, principle of care and principle of ecology are the principles of OA . OA Supply all the nutrients required by the plant (N, P, K secondary and micro nutrients) and does not pollute the soil and water . OA role in increasing of production, reducing contamination,sustainable development ,global warming and biodiversity . Lack of knowledge on production technologies, compost management, and pest control are the major reasons behind non-adoption of organic farming.

59. Continue: Organic production is a holistic system designed to optimize the productivity and fitness of diverse communities within the agro-ecosystem, including soil organisms, plants, livestock and people. The principal goal of organic production is to develop enterprises that are sustainable and harmonious with the environment. In order to illuminate the challenges and Problems of organic agriculture in a global context, we need to consider different perspectives with different views of the role of globalization, growth, trade and sustainability. It is important for the governments in developing countries and International NGOs to fund research that will capacitate to monitor and re-evaluate the production systems in organic farming. To find solution for lack of experts Practice-focused education development, methodologies and information brochures editing, informative and educational campaigns.

60. Thank you