ORGIMP Block 1-3 International Standards_2012.ppt

Radiation protection

1. International Standards and Organizations

2. Organization and Implementation of a National Regulatory
Program for the Control of Radiation Sources
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To explain the role of international organizations and to
present the main IAEA standard in the field of radiation
safety.
Objective

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•The International Commission on Radiological
Protection (ICRP) and Publication 103.
•Radiation Protection and Safety of Radiation Sources:
International Basic Safety Standards (GSR Part 3).
Contents

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•The ICRP and the ICRU were established in 1928 by
the Second International Congress of Radiology.
Relevant International Organizations
The International Commission on Radiological Protection
(ICRP)
The International Commission on Radiation Units and
Measurement (ICRU)
•has established fundamental radiation protection
principles and recommendations.

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undertakes regular reviews of the current:
•status on the human radiation environment;
•knowledge of radiation effects and radiation risks.
and is an important information base for:
•the recommendations of the ICRP;
•programs of the international organizations.
Relevant International Organizations (cont)
United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of
Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR)

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The functions of the International Atomic Energy Agency
(IAEA) include:
Relevant International Organizations (cont)
•verifying the peaceful uses of atomic energy;
•promoting safety;
•enabling the transfer of technology;
•establishing standards of safety and to provide for
their application;
•facilitating the establishment of conventions.

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•Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO)
•International Labour Organization (ILO)
•World Health Organization (WHO)
•Nuclear Energy Agency of the OECD (NEA)
•Pan American Health Organization (PAHO)
Other Organizations

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•During the early years of diagnostic radiology, a large
number of severe overexposures and radiation
accidents occurred.
ICRP Background
•A growing number of acute radiation exposure
incidents led to recommendations on radiation
protection in the international literature.
•The ICRP was established in 1928 by the Second
International Congress of Radiology.

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•generally adopted by regulatory bodies and advisory
agencies at national and international levels as the basis
for the development of legislation, regulations, codes of
practice and guidelines.
ICRP Recommendations are:
•formulated in different areas of radiation protection, are
based on current knowledge about the biological effects
of ionizing radiation and are revised on regular basis;
The ICRP is a non-political organization. Its members are
elected on the basis of well-recognized work in radiation
protection and related fields.

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The 2007 Recommendations of
the International Commission on
Radiological Protection.
Annals of the ICRP
ICRP Publication 103
Volume 37. No. 2-4 2007.
ICRP Recommendations

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The general purposes of radiation protection are to:
•prevent detrimental deterministic effects such as
erythema, cataract, etc.;
ICRP 103 Recommendations
•limit the probability of stochastic effects, such as
cancer and hereditary effects, to levels deemed to be
acceptable.

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ICRP 103 Recommendations (cont)
Situation-based approach applying fundamental principles
to all controllable exposure situations:
•three exposure situations:
•Planned exposure situation
•Emergency exposure situation
•Existing exposure situation

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The fundamental principles of radiation protection still are:
• justification;
ICRP 103 Recommendations (cont)
•optimization of protection;
•dose limitation.
Commission’s extensive review of health effects of ionizing
radiation has not indicated that any fundamental changes
are needed to the system of radiological protection.

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Any decision that alters the radiation exposure
situation should do more good than harm
•It applies to all 3 exposure situations
Note 1: The principles may have different wording but are the same as in IAEA publications
Justification
1

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Optimization
The likelihood of incurring exposure, the number of
people exposed, and the magnitude of their
individual doses should all be kept As Low As
Reasonably Achievable, taking into account
economic and societal factors.
•It applies to all 3 exposure situations

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The process should be constrained by restrictions on:
•the doses to individuals (dose constraints), or
so as to limit the inequity likely to result from the inherent
economic / social judgements
Optimization (cont)
•the risks to individuals in the case of potential
exposures (risk constraints),

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Dose Limitation
The total dose to any individual from regulated
sources in planned exposure situations other than
medical exposure of patients should not exceed
the appropriate limits specified by the Commission.
•All the dose limits are the same as in ICRP-60
except the dose limits for lens of eye for workers
and apprentices that have been reduced
•Dose limitation only applies to planned exposure
situations

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Dose limits:
•are aimed at ensuring that no individual is exposed to
radiation risks that are judged to be unacceptable;
Dose Limitation (cont)
•differ depending on whether the exposure is to workers
or to members of the public;
•do not apply to medical exposure where the issue is the
intended result in terms of diagnosis or treatment.

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Fundamentals
•underlying principles - directed at senior politicians and
regulators
IAEA Safety Standards
Requirements
•specify obligations and responsibilities
Guides
•recommendations in support of the requirements,
based on international experience

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•Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
(FAO);
Basic Safety Standards
The International Basic Safety Standards for Protection
Against Ionising Radiation and for the Safety of Radiation
Sources (BSS) are jointly formulated and sponsored
(expected by end 2012) by the:
•International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA);
•International Labour Organization (ILO);
•Nuclear Energy Agency of the OECD (NEA);
•Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), and
•World Health Organization (WHO).

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First BSS 1962
Basic Safety Standards (BSS) – GSR Part 3 - Background
Revised 1967
Revised, joint sponsorship with
FAO, ILO, OECD / NEA, PAHO,
WHO 1982
ICRP Publication 60 1991
SS 115 published 1996
ICRP Publication 103 2007
GSR Part 3 Interim 2011
GSR Part 3 approved by co sponsors (expected in 2012)

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•The recommendations contained in ICRP Publication
103 have been incorporated into GSR Part 3.
Basic Safety Standards (GSR Part 3)
•The Standards were established to assist appropriate
Regulatory Bodies to organize and implement an
adequate radiation and waste safety infrastructure,
together with the necessary regulatory infrastructure.
•The Standards were also formulated to provide general
guidance for organizations representing employers or
workers.

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The Standards apply to the three exposure situations:
•carried out in States that adopt the GSR Part 3;
Basic Safety Standards (GSR Part 3) - Scope
•undertaken by States with the assistance of FAO,
IAEA, ILO, PAHO, WHO;
•carried out by IAEA or with materials etc. from IAEA;
•where parties to bi / multi-lateral arrangements
request the application of the GSR Part 3.

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The type of regulatory system adopted in a country
depends on:
•the complexity and safety implications of the regulated
practices and sources;
•the regulatory traditions in the country.
Objectives of a Regulatory System
•its size;

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The general functions of a Regulatory Body include:
•assessment of notifications for permission to conduct
practices that entail or could entail exposure to radiation;
Objectives of a Regulatory System
(cont)
•authorization of relevant practices and the sources
associated with them, subject to specified conditions;
•periodic inspection for compliance with conditions; and
•enforcement as necessary to ensure compliance with
regulations and standards.

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•registration of relevant low risk practices;
•licensing of other practices, with
Objectives of a Regulatory System (cont)
Mechanisms are needed for:
•notification of intended radiation uses;
provision for the exemption of sources or practices from
regulatory requirements under certain conditions.

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The effectiveness of radiation protection and safety measures
for each authorized source should be assessed, as should
the total potential health and environmental impact of all
authorized sources.
Objectives of a Regulatory System (cont)
Provision is also needed for:
•surveillance, monitoring, review, verification and
inspection of sources, and for
•ensuring that adequate plans exist for dealing with
radiation accidents and emergency situations.

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•each country;
•facilities using radiation;
•departments within facilities (e.g. universities, hospitals, etc.)
System of Radiation Protection
An efficient combination of:
•administration and
•organization
is needed for achieving the objectives of radiation protection.
An adequate infrastructure for radiation protection is
necessary at all levels within:

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•a safety-based attitude; and
•recommendations from international organizations
along with the requirements of the national Regulatory
Bodies.
System of Radiation Protection (cont)
Infrastructure for radiation protection should be based on:
•a safety culture;

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Legislation (Act, Statute, Decree, etc)
Essential National Infrastructure
A Regulatory Body:
•to authorize, review and assess radiation use;
•to inspect practices and enforce the legislation; and
•with appropriate resources and trained personnel.
General provisions /services
•education and training of users and Regulatory Body
staff
•personal dosimetry, calibration, other monitoring, etc
Regulations

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1. INTRODUCTION
2. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS FOR PROTECTION AND SAFETY
Application of principles of radiation protection
Responsibilities of the government
Responsibilities of the regulatory body
Responsibilities for protection and safety
Management requirements
3. PLANNED EXPOSURE SITUATIONS
Scope
Generic requirements
Occupational exposure
Public exposure
Medical exposure
4. EMERGENCY EXPOSURE SITUATIONS
Scope
Generic requirements
Public exposure
Exposure of emergency workers
Transition from an emergency exposure situation to an existing exposure situation
5. EXISTING EXPOSURE SITUATIONS
Scope
Generic requirements
Public exposure
Occupational exposure
Schedule I EXEMPTION AND CLEARANCE
Schedule II CATEGORIZATION FOR SEALED SOURCES USED IN COMMON PRACTICES
Schedule III DOSE LIMITS FOR PLANNED EXPOSURE SITUATIONS
Schedule IV CRITERIA FOR USE IN EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS AND RESPONSE
103
The 2007 Recommendations of the
International Commission on Radiological
Protection

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IExemptions and Clearance.
.
Schedules
IICategorization for sealed sources used in common
practices.
IIIDose limits for planned exposure situations.
IVCriteria for use in emergency preparedness and
response

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Practice
Any human activity that introduces additional sources of exposure
or additional exposure pathways, or modifies the network of
exposure pathways from existing sources, so as to increase the
exposure or the likelihood of exposure of people or the number of
people exposed
Definitions
Licence
A legal document issued by the Regulatory Body granting
authorization to perform specified activities relating to a facility
or activity.
Licensee
The holder of a current Licence.

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Planned exposure situation
A situation of exposure that arises from the planned operation of a
source or from a planned activity that results in an exposure from a
source.
Emergency exposure situation
An situation of exposure that arises as a result of an accident, a
malicious act, or any other unexpected event, and requires prompt
action in order to avoid or reduce adverse consequences.
Existing exposure situation
A situation of exposure that already exists when a decision on the
need for control needs to be taken.
Note 1: More definitions available in GSR Part 3 and in IAEA Safety Glossary
Definitions (cont)
1

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•Government
•Regulatory body or other national authority
•Registrant and licensee (main responsibility for
application of Standards)
•Employers
•Radiological medical practitioner
•Manufacturers and other suppliers
•Providers of consumer products
•Emergency response organizations
Responsibilities for implementing requirement
assigned to:

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Practices
•Production and supply of r/a material & devices that generate
radiation; generation of NP and other activities in nuclear fuel
cycle; use of radiation or r/a material for industry, medical etc;
mining and processing or raw materials
Sources with practices
•Facilities that contain r/a material / radiation generators e.g.
nuclear installation, medical radiation facilities, r/a waste
management facility, mineral extraction & mineral processing
facilities
•Individual sources of radiation
Application of the GSR Part 3

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Occupational, medical and public exposure
Natural sources
•Material containing natural radionuclides above specified level
:
•(U/Th decay chains > 1 Bq/g; K-40 > 10 Bq/g)
•Radon (Rn-220 and Rn-222) and their progeny
•(i) in workplace where radon levels above reference
level
•(ii) in workplaces where r/nuclides in U/Th chains are
above 1 Bq/g
Application of the GSR Part 3 (cont)

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Application of the GSR Part 3 (cont)
The GSR
Part 3
applies to
Occupational
exposures
Medical
exposures
Existing
exposure
situations
Planned exposure
situations
Emergency
exposure
situations
Public
exposures

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•3.7 Notification alone is sufficient provided that the exposures
expected to be associated with the practice or action are unlikely to
exceed a small fraction, as specified by the regulatory body, of the
relevant limits, and that the likelihood and magnitude of potential
exposures and any other potential detrimental consequences are
negligible.
•3.7 Notification is required for consumer products only with respect
to manufacture, assembly, maintenance, import, distribution and,
in some cases, disposal.
Any person or organization intending to operate a facility or to
conduct an activity shall submit to the regulatory body, as
appropriate, a notification or an application for authorization.
Notification and Authorization (Req. 7)

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Authorization: registration or licensing (Req. 7)
3.8. Any person or organization intending to carry out any of the
actions specified in para. 3.5 (adopt, introduce, conduct,
discontinue or cease a practice, or as applicable, mine, extract,
process, design, manufacture, construct, assemble, install, acquire,
import, export, distribute, loan, hire, receive, site, locate,
commission, possess, use, operate, maintain, repair, transfer,
decommission, disassemble, transport, store or dispose of a
source) shall, unless notification alone is sufficient, apply to the
regulatory body for authorization, which shall take the form of either
registration or licensing.

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Registration (Req. 7)
•safety largely ensured by design facilities and
equipment;
•operating procedures simple to follow;
•safety training requirements minimal;
•there is history of few problems with safety in operations.
Typical practices amenable to registration:
Registration best suited to practices for which operations
do not vary significantly

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A practice or radiation source may be exempted if:
•the individual public effective dose is <10 µSv in a year; and
the effective dose expected to be incurred by any member of
the public for such low probability scenarios does not exceed
1 mSv in a year;
•Or regulatory control of the practice or the source would yield
no net benefit, in that no reasonable control measures would
achieve a worthwhile return in terms of reduction of individual
doses or of health risks.
For radioactive substances, either the total activity or the
activity concentration is to be less than the levels specified
in Schedule I.
Exemption and Clearance (Schedule I)

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Justification of practices (the radiation use has a
positive net benefit).
Radiation Protection Requirements for Practices
•dose constraints;
Dose limitation (dose limits are applied) for occupational
and public exposures.
Optimization of protection and safety (ALARA) by the
application of:
•guidance levels for medical exposure.

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Safety assessment (Req. 13)
Safety assessments must be undertaken to:
•identify normal and potential exposure routes;
•determine the magnitude and likelihood of exposures
(normal operation and potential exposures);
•assess protection and safety provisions.
The Regulatory Body shall establish and enforce requirements for
safety assessment, and the person or organization responsible for a
facility or activity that gives rise to radiation risks shall conduct an
appropriate safety assessment of this facility or activity.

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Monitor and measure parameters to assess compliance with
the requirements for protection and safety:
Monitoring for verification of compliance (Req. 14)
•using appropriate and calibrated monitoring equipment;
•maintaining and testing verification procedures;
•recording results;
•results of monitoring and verification of compliance are
shared with the regulatory body as required.

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The application of the requirements in planned exposure
situations shall be commensurate with the characteristics of
the practice or the source within a practice, and with the
magnitude and likelihood of the exposures.
Graded approach (Req. 6)
Management for protection and safety (Req. 5)
The principal parties shall ensure that protection and safety
is effectively integrated into the overall management system
of the organizations for which they are responsible.

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•1.41: reference to nuclear security series of publications.
•2.27: The government shall ensure that infrastructural
arrangements are in place for the interfaces between safety
and security of radioactive sources.
•3.32: The safety assessment shall include: (f) the
implications for protection and safety of security measures,
and of any modifications to security measures.
Interface between safety and security