Origin and Development of the temple architecture

Indian temple architecture evolved over centuries, influenced by religious traditions, artistic innovations, and regional styles. Its origins can be traced to early Vedic shrines (1500–600 BCE), which were simple open-air altars used for fire sacrifices (yajñas). The Mauryan period (4th–2nd century BCE) saw the emergence of Buddhist stupas (e.g., Sanchi) and rock-cut caves (e.g., Barabar), which influenced later temple forms.

By the Gupta period (4th–6th century CE), structural temples began to appear, marking a transition from rock-cut to free-standing temples. The Nagara (North Indian), Dravida (South Indian), and Vesara (mixed) styles emerged between the 7th and 13th centuries, defining regional architectural forms. Temples became elaborate, featuring towering shikharas (spires), intricate carvings, and expansive mandapas (halls).

The medieval period (8th–13th century CE) saw the zenith of temple construction, with iconic sites like Khajuraho, Konark, and Brihadeeswara temples. Over time, temple complexes expanded into pilgrimage centers, integrating mythological, cosmological, and social aspects. Despite changes due to invasions and colonial influences, temple architecture remains a significant cultural heritage, reflecting India's artistic and spiritual evolution.

1. Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute BORI Infosys Academic Development Programme Supported by Infosys Foundation PUBLIC LECTURE By Gurvendra Kushwaha Position: Infosys Fellow Title : भारतीय वास्तुकला का उद्भव एवं विकास Origin and Development of Indian Temple Architecture

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