Origin and Structure of the Earth: Universe and Solar System

Earth Subsystem

1. Origin and Structure of the Earth: Universe and Solar System

2. O bjectives Describe Earth’s formation and subsystem. Identify and explain the four subsystems of Earth. Understand how matter and energy flow between subsystem.

3. Formation of the Universe and Solar System The formation of the universe and our system is a fascinating journey that begins with Big Bang, about 13.8 billion years ago. This monumental events marks the birth of our universe, where an incredibly hot and dense singularity expanded rapidly, leading to the creation of space, time, and the fundamental elements.

4. Formation of Solar System Our solar system began forming around 4.6 billion years ago from a giant cloud of gas and dust. This process involved the collapse of the cloud under gravity which gave birth to the Sun and a surrounding disk of materials.

5. Formation of Solar System Our solar system began forming around 4.6 billion years ago from a giant cloud of gas and dust. This process involved the collapse of the cloud under gravity which gave birth to the Sun and a surrounding disk of materials.

6. Formation of Solar System Key points Protoplanetary Disk: Planetesimal and Protoplanets: Formation of Planet:

7. Formation of Solar System Protoplanetary Disk: The rotating disk around the early Sun began to cool, leading to the condensation of gas and dust into solid particles.

8. Formation of Solar System Planetesimal and Protoplanets: These solid particles collided and fused to form larger bodies called planetesimals, which eventually combined to create protoplanets.

9. Formation of Solar System Formation of planets: Over millions of years, protoplanets accumulated more material, forming the planets, including Earth. The remaining material in the disk formed asteroids, comets, and other small bodies.

10. Visuals

11. Visuals

12. Earth’s Subsystems Overview Earth is a dynamic and complex system composed of four major subsystem. These subsystem are the Atmosphere , geosphere , hydrosphere , and biosphere .

13. The Atmosphere The atmosphere is layer of gases surrounding Earth, extending about 10, 000 kilometers above the surface. It is essential for life harmful solar radiation, and helps regulate temperature.

14. The Atmosphere Major Gases : Nitrogen (78%), oxygen (21%), Argon (0.93). And trace gases including carbon dioxide and water vapor. Layers : Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, Thermosphere, and Exosphere.

15. The Geosphere The geosphere refers to the solid part of Earth, including the rocks, minerals, and landforms. It extend from the Earth’s surface to the center, comprising the crust, mantle, and core.

16. The Geosphere Layers : Crust : the outermost layer, divided into continental and oceanic crust. Mantle : Below the crust, consisting of semi-solid rock that flows slowly. Core : the innermost layer, made of iron and nickel, consisting of a solid inner core and a liquid outer core.

17. The Geosphere

18. The Hydrosphere The hydrosphere encompasses all of the Earth’s water, in all its forms-liquid, solid, and vapor. It play a crucial role in weather patterns, climate regulation, and supporting life.

19. The Hydrosphere Ocean : Cover about 71% of Earth’s surface. Freshwater : includes rivers, lakes, glaciers, and ground water. Water vapor : Present in the atmosphere, contributing to the water cycle.

20. The Hydrosphere

21. The Biosphere The biosphere includes all living organisms and the environment in which they live. It interacts with other spheres, influencing and being influenced by the atmosphere, geosphere, and hydrosphere.

22. Components of Biosphere Ecosystem : forest, ocean, deserts, and wetland Organisms : Plants, animals, fungi, and microorganisms.

23. Components of Biosphere

24. Interaction of Subsystems Earth subsystem do not operate in isolation. They are interconnected in a complex web of interactions that sustain life and regulate earth’s process.

25. Interaction of Subsystems The Water Cycle The water cycle describe the continuous movement of water within and between the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and geosphere. It involves processes such as evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and runoff.

26. Interactions : Evaporation : water from oceans (Hydrosphere) evaporates into the atmosphere. Condensation and Precipitation : water vapor condenses into clouds in the atmosphere and falls back Earth as precipitation Runoff and Infiltration : water flows over the surface (geosphere) and infiltrates into the ground, replenishing groundwater.

27. The Carbon Cycle The carbon cycle involves the movement of carbon among the atmosphere, geosphere, biosphere, and hydrosphere. Carbon is a fundamental element in organic molecules and plays a critical role in regulating Earth’s climate

28. Interactions: Photosynthesis : Plants absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Respiration and Decomposition : Carbon is released back into the atmosphere through respiration and decomposition of organic matter. Ocean Absorption : oceans absorb and store large amounts of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Sedimentation : carbon is transferred to the geosphere through sedimentation and the formation of fossil fuels.

29. The Nitrogen Cycle The nitrogen cycle describes the movement of nitrogen through the atmosphere, biosphere, and geosphere. Nitrogen is essential for the synthesis of proteins and nucleic acids in living organisms.

30. Interactions: Nitrogen Fixation : Certain bacteria in the soil (geosphere) convert atmospheric nitrogen into forms usable by plants (biosphere). Nitrification and Denitrification: Soil bacteria convert nitrogen compounds into nitrates and then back into nitrogen gas, returning it to the atmosphere. Assimilation and Ammonification: Plants absorb nitrates, and animal consume plants, returning nitrogen to the soil through waste and decomposition.

31. Ecosystem and Interaction Ecosystems are communities of living organisms interacting with each other and their physical environment. They are affected by and affect the atmosphere, hydrosphere, and geosphere.

32. Interaction: Climate Regulation : forest (Biosphere) influence local and global climate by regulating carbon dioxide levels and providing shades. Soil formation : Plants (Biosphere) contribute to soil formation and stability by preventing erosion and adding organic matter. Water regulation: Vegetation (Biosphere) affect water flow and quality by influencing runoff and infiltration rate.

33. Concept Map Activity Instruction: Create a concept map illustrating the connections among the four subsystems.