origin, history.pptx

about the bioinformatics history, origin

1. Origin, History and Application of bioinformatics SWORNA KUMARI.C., Ph.D ., Hexacara Lifesciences Pvt ltd

2. Prelude What is Bioinformatics Broad coverage of Bioinformatics History of Bioinformatics Role of Bioinformatics Components of Bioinformatics Importance of Bioinformatics Uses of Bioinformatics Application of Bioinformatics

3. What is bioinformatics? Bioinformatics is a field of study that uses computation to extract knowledge from biological data. It includes the collection, storage, retrieval, manipulation and modelling of data for analysis, visualization or prediction through the development of algorithms and software. The application of statistics and computer science to the field of molecular biology Uses computers to store, manage, manipulate, analyze biological data Unravel biological meaning and develop biological and evolutionary insights Drug discovery and development; personalized medicine

4. Broad Coverage of Bioinformatics: Functional genomics: Identification of genes and their respective functions. Structural genomics: Predictions related to functions of proteins. Comparative genomics: For understanding the genomes of different species of organisms. DNA microarrays: These are designed to measure the levels of gene expression in different tissues, various stages of development and in different diseases. Medical informatics: This involves the management of biomedical data with special referee to biomolecules, in vitro assays and clinical trials.

5. History of Bioinformatics The term bioinformatics was first introduced in 1990s. Originally, it dealt with the management and analysis of the data pertaining to DNA, RNA and protein sequences. The term “bioinformatics” coined by Paulien Hogeweg . Paulien Hogeweg and Ben Hesper used the definition of bioinformatics as a counterpart to biochemistry (the study of chemical processes in living systems) in 1970. When protein sequences became available after Frederick Sanger discovered the insulin sequence in the early 1950s, computers became indispensable in molecular biology. Manual comparisons of several sequences proved to be impractical. Margaret Oakley Dayhoff was a leader in this area.

6. Role of Bioinformatics To mention that, processing the biological information is for inventing the corresponding data that may also include the below software programs.

7. Bioinformatics took part

8. Components of Bioinformatics: Bioinformatics comprises three components: 1. Creation of databases: This involves the organizing, storage and management the biological data sets. The databases are accessible to researchers to know the existing information and submit new entries, e.g. protein sequence data bank for molecular structure. Databases will be of no use until analyzed. 2. Development of algorithms and statistics: This involves the development of tools and resources to determine the relationship among the members of large data sets e.g. comparison of protein sequence data with the already existing protein sequences. 3. Analysis of data and interpretation: The appropriate use of components 1 and 2 (given above) to analyze the data and interpret the results in a biologically meaningful manner. This includes DNA, RNA and protein sequences, protein structure, gene expression profiles and biochemical pathways.

9. Scope of bioinformatics Bioinformatics is an interdisciplinary science that focuses on developing methods and software tools for analyzing biological data. Over the last 30–40 years, breakthroughs in molecular biology and computer science have combined to establish the area of bioinformatics. Bioinformatics has become an important part of various branches of biology. In experimental molecular biology, techniques such as image and signal processing allow the extraction of relevant results from enormous amounts of raw data. Bioinformatics is an interdisciplinary discipline of research that analyses and interprets biological data by combining biology, computer science, information engineering, mathematics, and statistics. Biological databases, sequence alignment, gene and promoter prediction, molecular phylogenetics, structural, genomics, and proteomics are all important aspects of bioinformatics.

10. Uses of Bioinformatics

11. Uses in Biotechnology A selected list of applications Sequence mapping of biomolecules (DNA, RNA, proteins). Identification of nucleotide sequences of functional genes. Finding of sites that can be cut by restriction enzymes. Designing of primer sequence for polymerase chain reaction. Prediction of functional gene products. To trace the evolutionary trees of genes. For the prediction of 3-dimensional structure of proteins. Molecular modelling of biomolecules. Designing of drugs for medical treatment. Handling of vast biological data which otherwise is not possible. Development of models for the functioning various cells, tissues and organs.

12. Bioinformatics is being used in following fields Microbial genome applications Molecular medicine Personalised medicine Preventative medicine Gene therapy Drug development Antibiotic resistance Evolutionary studies Waste cleanup Biotechnology Climate change Studies  Alternative energy sources  Crop improvement Forensic analysis Bio-weapon creation Insect resistance Improve nutritional quality  Development of Drought resistant varieties Veterinary Science

13. Bioinformatics Applications- Molecular medicine Can able to find 3000-4000 hereditary disease including Cystic Fibrosis, Huntingtons disease, cancers, heart disease, diabetes etc genes directly associated with different diseases to understand the molecular basis of these diseases more clearly. Leads to the knowledge of molecular mechanisms of disease will enable better treatments, cures and even preventative tests to be developed.

14. Personalized medicine Clinical medicine will become more personalized with the development of the field of pharmacogenomics. Can find how an individual's genetic inheritance affects the body's response to drugs. Can show adverse affects to a drug due to sequence variants in their DNA. able to analyze a patient's genetic profile and prescribe the best available drug therapy and dosage from the beginning.

15. Gene therapy Gene Therapy is a popular part of biology in which genetic components are inserted into sick cells in order to treat, cure, and prevent diseases. Bioinformatics is used in Gene Therapy to analyze protein targets, identify cancer kinds, evaluate data, and assess MicroRNA, among other things.

16. Drug development One of the most important uses of informatics is drug discovery. Computational biology, a key component of bioinformatics, assists scientists in understanding disease mechanisms and validating new, cost-effective medications. With an improved understanding of disease mechanisms and using computational tools to identify and validate new drug targets, more specific medicines that act on the cause. These highly specific drugs promise to have fewer side effects than many of today's medicines.

17. Microbial genome applications Identifying variety of microbial properties in the baking, brewing and food industries. complete genome sequences and their potential to provide a greater insight into the microbial world, implications for environment, health, energy and industrial applications. Sequencing the genomes of bacteria useful in energy production, environmental cleanup, industrial processing and toxic waste reduction. By studying the genetic material of these organisms, scientists can begin to understand these microbes at a very fundamental level and isolate the genes that give them their unique abilities to survive under extreme conditions.

18. Waste cleanup Deinococcus radiodurans is known as the world's toughest bacteria and it is the most radiation resistant organism known. Scientists are interested in this organism because of its potential usefulness in cleaning up waste sites that contain radiation and toxic chemicals. The major goal is to detect and assess the DNA sequencing of bacteria and microorganisms in order to employ them for sewage cleaning, radioactive waste removal, oil spill clean-up, and other scope and application of bioinformatics.

19. Forensic analysis Scientists used their genomic tools to help distinguish between the strain of  Bacillus anthracis  that was used in the summer of 2001 terrorist attack in Florida with that of closely related anthrax strains. Forensic science includes the study regarding identification and relatedness of individuals. It is inherently interdisciplinary with bioinformatics as both are dependent on computer science and statistics. This field is based on the molecular data and many databases are being developed to store the DNA profiles of known offenders. This field is being pushed due to technological and statistical advances in microarray, Bayesian networks, machine learning algorithms, TFT biosensors and others. This provides the effective way of evidence organization and inference

20. Evolutionary studies The sequencing of genomes from all three domains of life, eukaryota , bacteria and archaea means that evolutionary studies can be performed in a quest to determine the tree of life and the last universal common ancestor.

21. Insect resistance Genes from  Bacillus thuringiensis  that can control a number of serious pests have been successfully transferred to cotton, maize and potatoes. This new ability of the plants to resist insect attack means that the amount of insecticides being used can be reduced and hence the nutritional quality of the crops is increased. Progress has been made in developing cereal varieties that have a greater tolerance for soil alkalinity, free aluminium and iron toxicities.

22. Climate change Studies Increasing levels of carbon dioxide emission, mainly through the expanding use of fossil fuels for energy, are thought to contribute to global climate change. Recently, the DOE (Department of Energy, USA) launched a program to decrease atmospheric carbon dioxide levels. One method of doing so is to study the genomes of microbes that use carbon dioxide as their sole carbon source.

23. Veterinary Medicine Scope and application of bioinformatics in this discipline focuses on sequencing studies involving animals such as cows, pigs, and sheep. This has resulted in an increase in overall production as well as improved livestock health. Bioinformatics has also aided scientists in the development of new technologies for identifying vaccination targets. Sequencing projects of many farm animals including cows, pigs and sheep are now well under way in the hope that a better understanding of the biology of these organisms will have huge impacts for improving the production and health of livestock and ultimately have benefits for human nutrition.

24. Crop improvement Scientists have recently succeeded in transferring genes into rice to increase levels of Vitamin A, iron and other micronutrients. This work could have a profound impact in reducing occurrences of blindness and anaemia caused by deficiencies in Vitamin A and iron respectively. Scientists have inserted a gene from yeast into the tomato, and the result is a plant whose fruit stays longer on the vine and has an extended shelf life. At present the complete genomes of Arabidopsis thaliana (water cress) and Oryza sativa (rice) are available.

25. summary Largely used in gene therapy. Microbial analysis and computing. Understanding protein structure and modeling. Storage and retrieval of biotechnological data. In the finding of new drugs. In agriculture in understanding crop patterns, pest control, and crop management.

26. Conclusion With the confluence of biology and computer science, the computer applications of molecular biology are drawing a greater attention among the life science researchers and scientists these days. As it becomes ever growing computational requirements of a host of exciting and needy biological problems, the synergy between modern biology and computer science is to blossom in the days to come. Thus the research scope for all the mathematical techniques and algorithms coupled with software programming languages, software development and deployment tools are to get a real boost.