Origin of Israel and Palestinian conflict

Origin of Israel and Palestinian conflict

1. International contemporary Analysis

2. The state : main player of International relationships

3. Constitutive elements of statehood

4. If each State claims to enforce its sovereignty, it must have four elements: Constitutive elements of statehood The Montevideo Convention on Statehood of 1933 sets out several requirements for Statehood. The criteria of the convention are: (1) a permanent population, (2) a defined territory, (3) government and (4) the capacity to enter into relations with other States.

5. All people (irrespective of age, gender and origin) of any space (country, region, city, land). 1. Population The demographic profile of the state: age, sex, race, beliefs, educational attainment, standard of living, level of wealth, etc. The diversity of the status of individuals residing in the State: foreigners, immigrants and refugees in relation to citizens originating in the country

6. Population

7. Space bounded by borders, subject to political authority. 2. Territory and geography Identifies resources owned and geographic assets: Access to the sea Communications Natural resources Characteristics of the land It allows to classify the State in relation to its economic power and influence.

8. Territory and geography

9. Objective conception (community of language or sense of belonging to the same race). Subjective conception (the "will to live collectively") A human group, usually broad enough, whose members are linked by affinities based on a common set of ethnic, social (language, religion, etc.) and subjective elements (historical traditions, culture, etc.) whose cohesiveness is based on the aspiration to form or maintain a community. http://www.cnrtl.fr/definition/nation Nation-State

10. The status of foreigners. National, ethnic, religious or linguistic minorities, are at the origin of antagonisms and power struggles. Cases of repression of minorities by states governed by dominant confessions or ethnic groups. Diasporas, forced displacement because of either persecution or as a consequence of wars but who still retain links to their group of origin (the Jewish, Palestinian, Lebanese, Syrian diasporas, etc.) Challenges faced by states

11. G overnmental organization Every State exercises its powers through a political organization. Each state freely chooses its political regime (democratic or authoritarian) and its administrative system (Centralized, federal or decentralized ...)

12. Political systems Democracy Power of the people. Political representation. Supremacy of the law (Rule of law).   Autocracy Arbitrary power (dictatorship). The people kept apart, Ruling elites. Absolute monarchy . Totalitarianism Ideology of Terror. Single Party holds All powers Create a "new man" Describe the main categories of government organization. Anarchy Characterized by the absence of a government Aristocracy Governance of a group of elites "The reign of the best" Monarchy A monarch occupies the position of head of state. Parliamentary monarchy, constitutional, absolute.

13. The supreme power recognized on the State to make its laws and put them into practice. The sovereignty of a State implies the exclusivity of its legislative, executive and judicial powers. Sovereignty is assumed by representatives or holders of political power. Every independent State must respect the sovereignty of other nations and not interfere in their internal affairs. It can participate in international life and use legal procedures in the field of diplomatic relations (the International Court of Justice, the UN, the WTO, etc.) 4. The capacity to enter into relations with other States: The concept of sovereignty

14. The organization of relations between States is governed, to a large extent, by international law, guaranteeing the exercise of sovereignty: International conventions establish a principle of equality between States, irrespective of their size or economic importance. To impose on States a set of rules on the basis of reciprocity. The use of force in order to better protect the independence of the weakest nations The concept of sovereignty

15. According to history, the life of the States is very "eventful" ... "some disappear, and others are born" The creation, in violence, of a new state: Algeria following the Evian agreements of March 1962. The break-up of a state announcing the end of an empire: the disintegration of the Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman empires at the beginning of the twentieth century and of the USSR and the communist bloc from 1991 onwards. The fragmentation of the former Yugoslavia: Slovenia, Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia, Montenegro and North Macedonia. The wars in favor of separatism: more recently by the regions of eastern Ukraine The fusion of nations: the unification of Germany (1990) Recognition of the State in international life

16. "Recognition of a new state or government is an act that only other states and governments can accomplish. It generally involves the establishment of diplomatic relations. The United Nations being neither a State nor a Government, it is not empowered to recognize a State or a Government" http://www.un.org/fr/members/about_members.shtml To become a State it must bring together all the constituent elements of a State and, at the same time, recognized by the world community . How to integrate a new state?

17. It would appear very delicate to formalize a territorial extension of a State obtained under the military or by the actual use of force (e.g. the crises that agitated international life in their time, such as Iraq's claims on Kuwait (Persian Gulf War) or those of Israel on Palestinian territories). How to integrate a new state?

18. NAVIGATING THE COMPLEXITIES OF STATE RECOGNITION: LESSONS FROM THE PALESTINIAN CASE Despite the challenges, the Palestinian case offers valuable lessons for other stateless nations seeking recognition. Palestine does not have a reality as an independent state at the end of the 19th century: it is part of the Ottoman Empire, it’s been one of the many Arab provinces under Turkish rule for several centuries. Multicultural population: at the census of 1850, 85% of Muslims, 11% of Christians, 4% of Jews. Palestine is a holy land for the 3 monotheistic religions.

19. NAVIGATING THE COMPLEXITIES OF STATE RECOGNITION: LESSONS FROM THE PALESTINIAN CASE

20. Political Zionism in Europe Jewish communities have been numerous in Europe for centuries The 19th century was marked by the rise of nationalism in all countries. Many Jews are in favor of integration or even assimilation within the modern societies in which they live. In France, Jews have been citizens since the Revolution of 1789. These movements will prove incapable of solving "the Jewish question". There is no place for the Jews! Anti-Semitism prevails throughout Europe.

21. Political Zionism in Europe

22. Theodor Herzl published his book "The State of the Jews" in 1896, becoming the theorist of political Zionism: a state in which the Jews are going to be the majority. 1st World Zionist Congress held in Basel in 1897 to create a Jewish state. We must "find a land without people for a landless people" Finally, it will be Palestine, biblical reference to Judaism. Political Zionism is born: its objective is to implant the Jews in Palestine which is not, however, a "land without people"! A land without people for a people without land

23. The emigration of Jews to Palestine The Jewish National Fund was created in 1901 It collects the necessary funds for the purchase of land. Jewish communities are sought wherever they are. On the demographic level: Of the 700,000 inhabitants of Palestine, 8% are Jewish, numerically four times more than 20 or 30 years ago. But the Zionist leaders have a certainty: "Establishing a nation in a new land requires serious and effective political support" " The bride is beautiful but she is already married ”

24. The Great Powers of the time: France and Great Britain The Middle East seems very interesting to them It is the way of communication to the Indies and the Far East by land and also by sea thanks to the nearby Suez Canal, essential access for the distant colonies of these two countries. Oil and Gas are now known, coveted, exploited and they are found in abundance in the Middle East. Anticipating a collapse of the Turks in case of victory of the Western allies, France and Great Britain agree to share the Arab provinces. The Agreements of Sykes Picot, signed in 1916 between France and Great Britain

25. The Agreements of Sykes Picot The Sykes-Picot agreement is widely seen as a turning point in the history of the Middle East, with far-reaching implications that are still felt today. The Sykes-Picot Accords were negotiated in 1916 by British diplomat Sir Mark Sykes and French diplomat François Georges-Picot. The agreement aimed to divide the Ottoman Empire's Arab provinces into spheres of influence for France and Britain, with the intention of creating a new order in the Middle East after the war.

26. The Balfour Declaration Neither France nor Great Britain want the formation of a unified Arab state from the outbreak of the Ottoman Empire. This is precisely what was promised to the Arab leaders whose troops were fighting alongside the British during the Great War. The Jewish electorate in Great Britain is not negligible and the Zionist pressure group has among its members an influential figure: Walter de Rothschild. The desire of the Zionists to implant a Jewish state in Palestine attract the attention of Great Britain

27. On November 2, 1917, the Balfour Declaration, named after the British Minister for Foreign Affairs, wrote to Lord Rothschild: "His Majesty's Government shall favor the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people." The Balfour Declaration is an enormous success for the Zionists who, in less than 20 years, have succeeded in gaining the support of one of the two greatest powers of the time. The Balfour Declaration's impact, 100 years on | The Economist https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kbdvn8QHyX8 https://www.aljazeera.com/programmes/aljazeeraworld/2016/05/sykes-picot-lines-sand-160518114434646.html The Balfour Declaration

28. The Balfour Declaration

29. The Great War ended with the defeat of Germany and its ally, the Ottoman Empire. The League of Nations becomes the guardian power presiding over the distribution of mandates in all regions of the Middle East. France and Great Britain obtained all the powers over these territories and the agreement of Sykes Picot, signed between these two countries in 1916, was followed as planned. After the First World War

30. States are created solely for the needs of the colonizing countries. (Arabs, Armenians, Kurds are all ignored) Politicians artificially draw borders without taking into account the ethnic and cultural realities of the regions on which they take power. They thus prepare the dramatic and recurrent conflicts one sees today The mandatory powers in these formerly Ottoman Arab territories are France for Lebanon and Syria, Great Britain for Iraq, Jordan and Palestine. After the First World War

31. The mandatory powers in these formerly Ottoman Arab territories are France for Lebanon and Syria, Great Britain for Iraq, Jordan and Palestine. With regards to Palestine, the machine is in motion to implant a population coming from elsewhere to the detriment of the population of origin. After the First World War

32. The Zionist movement continues to buy land The increase in the percentage of Jews in the Palestinian population is significant:   Late 19th century: 4%   1914: 8%   1925: 17%   1936: 29% But the worst is yet to come. In Europe, Hitler's arrival in Germany in 1933 led to a marked acceleration of Jewish immigration to Palestine: Between 1924 and 1930: 82,000 immigrants Between 1932 and 1938: 217,000, mainly from Poland and Germany The Palestinian revolt

33. The Palestinian revolt On April 15, 1936, two Jews were killed in the Nablus area and this double assassination prompted a group of radical Jews to take the lives of two Arabs. Three days later, nine Jews were shot down in the town of Jaffa The British authorities immediately declare a state of emergency and establish immigration quotas. The Palestinian revolt was sparked by a number of factors, including Zionist immigration and land purchases, British colonialism, and Palestinian nationalism. -.

34. According to the plan of partition of Palestine proposed by the General Assembly of the United Nations: For the Jews, 56% of the land For the Arabs, 43% A special zone is delimited around Jerusalem and Bethlehem, that is to say, the holy places: it will have an international management. The Palestinians have lost. A part of their land will be given to a people who come from elsewhere. This plan is rejected by the Arabs and some Zionists. The Partition Plan for Palestine

35. On the 29 th of November 1947, the plan for the partition of Palestine was approved by the UN General Assembly. The plan was voted by 33 votes in favor, 13 against it and 10 abstentions. (The process of decolonization was just beginning and the UN had only 57 members. The majority (2/3) is reached and Resolution 181 is adopted. The British, who renounced their mandate on Palestine by entrusting this mission to the UN leave the country. http://www.1948.org.uk/un-resolution-181/ United Nations General Assembly Resolution 181 (29 November 1947)

36. The end of the British mandate on Palestine is followed by the proclamation of the creation of the State of Israel by the head of the provisional government, David Ben Gurion, on May 14 th 1948. "By virtue of the natural and historical right of the Jewish people and the resolution adopted by the United Nations, we hereby proclaim the creation of the Jewish State of Palestine which shall be called Israel" This declaration is followed by immediate recognition by the United States, other major powers, including the Soviet Union United Nations General Assembly Resolution 181 (29 November 1947)