Originating a new system (System Engineering).pptx

The primary objective of the needs analysis phase of the system life cycle is to show clearly and convincingly that a valid operational need (or potential market) exists for a new system or a major upgrade to an existing system, and that there is a feasible approach to fulfilling the need at an affordable cost and within an acceptable level of risk.
The whole process must produce persuasive and defensible arguments that support the stated needs and create a “ vision of success ” in the minds of those responsible for authorizing the start of a new system development

1. By: Danielle T. Villanueva Shiela Mhay R. Dalisay Justin B. Calleja Originating a new system Operational Analysis Functional Analysis Group 3

2. Originating a new system By: Danielle T. Villanueva

3. Place of the Needs Analysis Phase in the System Life Cycle Needs Analysis System Studies Technology Assessment Operational Analysis Concept Exploration Operational Deficiencies Technological Opportunities System Operational Effectiveness System Capabilities

4. The impetus for the initiation of a new system development generally comes from one of two sources: The perception of a serious deficiency in a current system designed to meet an important operational need (need driven). 2. An idea triggered by a technological development whose application promises a major advance over available systems in satisfying a need (technology driven).

5. Example of New System Needs Automobile Industry A prime example where changing conditions have forced the need for system improvements. Government laws require manufacturers to make substantial improvements in fuel economy, safety, and pollution control. Almost overnight, existing automobile designs were rendered obsolete.

6. Examples of technology - driven new systems Advanced Devices powerful propulsion systems compact electronics lightweight materials Superior Platforms surveying and scientific instruments navigation (GPS) weather surveillance

7. Information systems Banking Ticketing Routing Inventory System obsolescence in these cases has come not from recognized deficiencies but rather from opportunities to apply rapidly advancing technology to enhance system capabilities, to reduce cost, and to improve competitive position. Examples of technology - driven new systems

8. Examples of New System Needs External Events – Analysis of needs goes on more or less continuously in most major mission or product areas. Competitive Issues – Going from a perceived need to the initiation of a development program requires more than a statement of that need. Design Materialization Status - the phases of the system development process can be considered as steps in which the system gradually materializes, that is, progresses from a general concept to a complex assembly of hardware and software that performs an operational function.

9. Applying the Systems Engineering Method in Needs and Requirements Analysis Operations Analysis (Requirements Analysis) Typical activities includes: Understanding the value of fulfilling projected needs by extrapolating over the useful life of a new system; and Analyzing projected needs for a new system, either in terms of serious deficiencies of current systems or the potential of greatly superior performance or lower cost by the application of new technology; Defining quantitative operational objectives and the concept of operation

10. Applying the Systems Engineering Method in Needs and Requirements Analysis Feasibility Definition (Physical Definition) Functional Analysis (Functional Definition) Allocating functions to subsystems by defining functional interactions and organizing them into a modular configuration. Visualizing the physical nature of subsystems conceived to perform the needed system functions and Translating operational objectives into functions that must be performed and Defining a feasible concept in terms of capability and estimated cost by varying (trading off) the implementation approach as necessary

11. Needs Validation (Design Validation) Applying the Systems Engineering Method in Needs and Requirements Analysis Defining validation criteria; Designing or adapting an effectiveness model (analytical or simulation) with operational scenarios, including economic (cost, market, etc.) factors; Demonstrating the cost - effectiveness of the postulated system concept, after suitable adjustment and iteration; and Formulating the case for investing in the development of a new system to meet the projected need.

12. The primary output of the needs analysis phase Operational Requirements Functional Requirements Performance Requirements Physical Requirements These refer largely to the mission and purpose of the system. These requirements should be action oriented and should describe the tasks or activities that the system performs during its operation. The system should perform its requirements and affect its environment. These refer to the characteristics and attributes of the physical system and the physical constraints placed upon the system design.

13. Operational Analysis By: Shiela Mhay R. Dalisay

14. Operational Analysis Functional Analysis Feasibility Definition Needs Validation 4 Basic Steps of System Engineering Method

15. Operational Analysis

16. Operational Analysis Define operational approach Operational deficiencies Technological opportunities Predecessor system Operational objectives Analyze projected needs

17. Operational Analysis Define operational approach Operational deficiencies Technological opportunities Predecessor system Operational objectives Analyze projected needs

18. Operational Analysis Define operational approach Operational deficiencies Technological opportunities Predecessor system Operational objectives Analyze projected needs Market studies – performance of existing products and potential demand for new products Solicitation of customer reactions to product characteristics Systematically probing the reason for lagging sales Analyzing strengths, weaknesses, and future growth of competing systems

19. Operational Analysis Define operational approach Operational deficiencies Technological opportunities Predecessor system Operational objectives Analyze projected needs 1st step in Need Analysis – detailed identification of perceived deficiencies in the current system

20. Operational Analysis Define operational approach Operational deficiencies Technological opportunities Predecessor system Operational objectives Analyze projected needs 1st step in Need Analysis – detailed identification of perceived deficiencies in the current system Obsolescence – the most prevalent single driving force for a new system

21. Operational Analysis Define operational approach Operational deficiencies Technological opportunities Predecessor system Operational objectives Analyze projected needs 1st step in Need Analysis – detailed identification of perceived deficiencies in the current system Obsolescence – the most prevalent single driving force for a new system

22. Operational Analysis Define operational approach Operational deficiencies Technological opportunities Predecessor system Operational objectives Analyze projected needs 1st step in Need Analysis – detailed identification of perceived deficiencies in the current system Obsolescence – the most prevalent single driving force for a new system Current system is examined relative to the predicted characteristics achieved with the prospective technology

23. Operational Analysis Define operational approach Operational deficiencies Technological opportunities Predecessor system Operational objectives Analyze projected needs Belated recognition of obsolescence can significantly delay the onset of need analysis phase Essential factor in maintaining a viable system – varied research and development (R & D) activities Independent research and development (IRAD) – use a percentage of their revenues on relevant research as allowable overhead

24. Operational Analysis Define operational approach Operational deficiencies Technological opportunities Predecessor system Operational objectives Analyze projected needs Operational studies must focus on conditions as much as 10 years in the future Consistent and accurate evaluation of system operational performance Documented history of results

25. Operational Analysis Define operational approach Operational deficiencies Technological opportunities Predecessor system Operational objectives Analyze projected needs

26. Operational Analysis Define operational approach Operational deficiencies Technological opportunities Predecessor system Operational objectives Analyze projected needs Needs-driven development – must overcome changes in the environment or deficiencies in the current system

27. Operational Analysis Define operational approach Operational deficiencies Technological opportunities Predecessor system Operational objectives Analyze projected needs Technological-driven development – must embody a concept of operations related to an important need

28. Operational Analysis Define operational approach Operational deficiencies Technological opportunities Predecessor system Operational objectives Analyze projected needs “Objectives” is used in place of “Requirements” Objectives in reality are mostly qualitative and subjective at early stage Rules of Thumb: Address the end state of the operational environment of scenario Address the purpose of the system and what constitutes the satisfaction of need Answer the “why” question of necessity Mostly but not mandatorily start with infinitive word “provide”

29. Operational Analysis Define operational approach Operational deficiencies Technological opportunities Predecessor system Operational objectives Analyze projected needs Objective analysis – the process of developing and refining a set of objectives for a system Objective tree – a single or small set of top-level objectives are decomposed into a set of primary and secondary objectives which mostly span one or two levels deep

30. Clean Transportation Provide comfortable ride Achieve less or equal to 35 mpg. Meet federal standards Achieve a base of retail price of $15K Provide sound system that satisfies customer base Allow normal conversation Provide sufficient head, shoulder and leg room

31. Clean Transportation Provide comfortable ride Achieve less or equal to 35 mpg. Meet federal standards Achieve a base of retail price of $15K Provide sound system that satisfies customer base Allow normal conversation Provide sufficient head, shoulder and leg room Human-system interaction expectation Maintenance consideration Cargo space

32. Functional Analysis By: Justin B. Calleja

33. Functional Analysis Is an extension of operational studies, directed to establishing whether there is a feasible technical approach to a system that could meet the operational objectives. Functional analysis is the next step in the System Engineering process after setting goal and requirement.

34. Functional Analysis Translate into functions Allocate functions to subsystems Predecessor System Related System Partitioning Criteria

35. Translation of Operational Objectives into System Functions This requires an analysis of the types of functional capabilities that the system would have to posses in order to perform the desired operational actions. This analysis is focused on those functional characteristics needed to satisfy those operational objectives that are not adequately handled by current system.

36. Translation of Operational Objectives into System Functions This means that all the elements of the concept should be functionally related to elements of real systems. A helpful approach to the translation of operational objectives to functions is to consider the type of primary media (signals, data, material, or energy) that are most likely to be involved in accomplishing the various operational objectives.

37. Subsystem Is a system in its own right. Except it normally will not provide a useful function on its own. It must be integrated with other subsystem to make a system. This association usually points to the class of subsystems that operate on the medium. sensor or communication subsystems signals computing subsystems for data. Examples:

38. Allocation of Functions to Subsystems Toward this end, a top - level system concept that implements all the prescribed functions should be visualized in order to demonstrate that the desired capabilities can be obtained by a plausible combination of the prescribed functions and technical features.

39. Allocation of Functions to Subsystems It is still essential to visualize just how these might be allocated, combined and implemented in the new system. It can be identified and associated with the system functions, and trade-off process to be employed to ensure that the consideration of the various system attributes is thorough and properly balanced.

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