OTOBIUS SP., LIPEURUS SP., AMBLYOMMA SP. AND MEGNINIA in animals

OTOBIUS SP., LIPEURUS SP., AMBLYOMMA SP. AND MEGNINIA SP. lifecycle, morphology,pathogenesis, clinical signs and treatment

1. GENERAL LIFE CYCLE, VECTOR POTENTIALITY, PATHOGENESIS AND CONTROL OF OTOBIUS SP., LIPEURUS SP., AMBLYOMMA SP. AND MEGNINIA SP. AFFECTING MAN,ANIMALS AND BIRDS PRESENTED BY: Tilak Pokharel Umesh Acharya Urusha Ghimire

2. Otobius megnini (Spinose ear ticks) CLASSIFICATION HOST : Dog, Sheep, Cattle, Horse, Goat, Cat, Rabbit, Man, etc . LOCATION : Nymph and Larva in the internal ear Adult in cracks of poles, ground or stone Distributed worldwide Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Subphylum: Chelicerata Class: Arachnida Order: Ixodida Family: Argasidae Genus: Otobius Species: O .   megnini O. lagophilus

3. MORPHOLOGY Body rounded posteriorly Engorged  larvae spherical Nymphs widest at middle, narrow posteriorly Skin has numerous spines Adult not parasitic Adult female 5-8mm in length, males are slightly smaller Hypostome without hooks No spines on cuticle Bluish grey body Leg, mouth, spines is pale yellow Female has a single gonotrophic cycle

4. LIFE CYCLE It is a single host tick Eggs are laid on or near the ground for as long as 6 months. They hatch in 18 days or more . The larvae then crawl up vegetation, fence posts and feed bunks to await hosts. Unfed larvae may live off the host for more than 2 months. If they find host, they locate in the ears where they engorge for 5 to 10 days. The larvae molt to the nymph stage in the ears. Here they engorge for about a month. However, the nymphs may remain in the ear for as long as 7 months . When ready to molt, they crawl out of the ears to the ground where they molt to adults. The females may lay eggs for as long as 6 months . Non infective Infective stage Egg Larva Nymphs Adults Lays >600 Eggs

5. PATHOGENESIS R eported to develop pruritis as a result of the larvae and nymphs moving and feeding within the external ear canal. The condition may advance such that the inflammatory response and secondary infection may penetrate the tympanic membrane causing otitis media and interna, and ultimately encephalitis Scratching can cause local skin trauma lead to infection, ulceration

6. Signs and Symptoms Large numbers may be seen on  one  host Sucks blood, causes  irritation, inflammation which may be subjected to  secondary bacterial infection Animal dull, off feed, condition lost Dogs shake their head and  scratch their ears. Waxy exudate is seen oozing from the affected ear In heavy infestations there might be  nervous symptoms, irritability, restlessness, grinding of  teeth, perforation of ear, infection of middle ear & even death

7. Control and Treatment Removing mechanically part HCH( Hexachlorocyclohexane ); 1part xylol ; 17parts pine oil- kills  larvae 1part 14% chlordane; 15 parts pine oil 10 %  Permethrin Infected shed should be treated by use of insecticide sprays 

8. Lipeurus caponis Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Order: Phthiraptera Family: Philopteridae Genus: Lipeurus Species: Lipeurus caponis, Lipeurus maculosus CLASSIFICATION

9. Lipeurus caponis Common name: Wing louse Predilection site: Skin, wing and tail feathers Host :chicken Distribution : World wide

10. MORPHOLOGY These lice are slender and elongate in shape. Head bears a projection just anterior to the antenna. Antenna consists of 5 segments; on males its first segment is unusually long. All legs have 2 claws. Hind legs are twice the length of mid- and fore-legs. Setae on the abdomen are sparse. Two groups of long setae occur on dorsal surface of the posterior thorax. Also: body is medium size grey

11. Grey , slow-moving lice found close to the skin on the under-side of the large wing feathers. Lipeurus caponis is an elongated, narrow species, about 2.2 mm in length and 0.3 mm in width

12. LIFE CYCLE

13. During a lifespan of approximately a month the female lays 200–300 operculate eggs (‘nits’). These are usually whitish, and are glued singly to the feathers where they may be seen with the naked eye. Eggs hatch within 5–7 days. The nymph that hatches from the egg is similar to, although much smaller than, the adult. The nymph moults three times over 2–3 weeks before giving rise to the adult.

14. The lice normally feed on bits of skin or feather products Adult lice may live for several weeks on the host but can remain alive only for about 1 week off the host. The bird lice can digest keratin; biting off pieces of feather, breaking these up with comb-like structures in their crops, and digesting them with secretions aided by bacterial action. They will ingest not only the sheaths of growing feathers, but also down and skin scabs.

15. PATHOGENESIS L. caponis is common on the underside of the wing and tail feathers of chicken and other fowl throughout the world. Pathogenic effects are usually slight in healthy animals and include restlessness, irritation and general unthriftiness . Young birds may be susceptible to heavy infestation, especially where underlying disease or malnutrition is debilitating

16. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS Irritation, pruritus, restlessness and poor growth rate are caused

17. CONTROL Regular checking and spraying of birds will enable infestation rates to be controlled. In addition, cross-contamination should be avoided. This is achieved by treating any birds in the environment of the chickens and restricting contact between wild birds and poultry. The housing and nesting should be thoroughly cleaned to eliminate sources of re-infestation such as egg-laden feathers. As would be expected, the practice of de- beaking allows an increase in infestations by preventing birds from preening and grooming

18. TREATMENT Topical insecticidal compounds, such as permethrin, carbaryl, malathion, cypermethrin or rotenone, can be used to kill lice. However, as the insecticides are unable to kill the eggs, two applications are necessary with a 10–14-day interval. Deep-litter or free-range birds may be more easily treated by scattering carbaryl, coumaphos, malathion or stirophos dust on the litter.

19. Amblyomma americanum (lone star tick) HOST: Larval lone star ticks are found in birds and small mammals , nymphal ticks are found on these two groups, as well as on small rodents .   Adults usually feed on medium and large mammals ,  and are frequently found on white-tailed deer and Human LOCATION : Ears, belly ,flanks ,head America and M exico Kingdom : Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Subphylum: Chelicerata Class: Arachnida Subclass: Acari Order: Ixodida Family: Ixodidae Genus: Amblyomma Species: A.  americanum ovale A. maculatum CLASSIFICATION

20. MORPHOLOGY Unfed  Amblyomma  ticks are large at 6 to 7mm in length . The mouthparts are  anterior The slender legs usually have pale rings and pulvilli are always present. A scutum (dorsal shield) is present in the female with a conscutum in the male.  Enamel  is present on the scutum and conscutum of many species . The colour of the enamel is pink to orange, or orange to red.  Eyes   may be flat or convex.  Festoons  (wrinkles in the posterior margin) are present in both sexes, but unclear in fed females. Spiracular plates are large and posterior to legs . The  anal groove is posterior to the anus. Coxae 4 are of normal size and coxae 1 have unequal paired spurs.

21. LIFE CYCLE It is known as a three-host tick. The eggs are laid on the ground, hatch, and the larvae actively seek a host (questing behavior). A larva feeds, detaches from its host, molts into a nymph when on the ground, and quests by crawling on the ground or waiting on vegetation. The nymph feeds and repeats the same process as the larva, and develops into adult. Adults quest similarly to nymphs. The female attaches only to a species of host for reproduction and dies after this single egg-laying. Feeding times for larvae last 4–7 days, nymphs for 5–10 days, and adults for 8 to 20 days, life cycle is completed in 6 to 18 months for a single tick. The lifecycle timing is often expanded by diapause (delayed or inactivated development or activity) in adaptation to seasonal variation of moisture and heat. Ticks are highly adapted for long-term survival off the host without feeding and can extract moisture directly from humid air. However, survival is greatly reduced by excess heat, dryness, and lack of suitable hosts to which to attach.

22. PATHOGENESIS They are aggressive human and animal biters whose bites leave irritating, itchy wounds causing anemia Their bites can cause an animal to develop alpha-gal meat allergy, a delayed response to non-primate mammalian meat and meat products. They are also capable of transmitting Rickettsia rickettsii, the causative agent of Rocky Mountain spotted fever They are also linked to the southern tick-associated rash illness, tick paralysis

23. CLINICAL SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS Ticks bites: swollen, redness Fever , aches, nausea, and muscle pain E nlarged lymph nodes to skin lesions and meningitis

24. CONTROL AND TREATMENT Grooming Permethrin-treated clothing and application of sprays containing DEET provide protection against lone star ticks in the field . Removing leaf litter from yards, can also reduce lone star ticks’ survival rates over winter.

25. Megninia ginglymura HOST : chickens, pigeons LOCATION : At the base of the feathers of the body and wings. Some species in this genus may also occur beneath the skin Kingdom : Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Subphylum: Chelicerata Class: Arachnida Subclass: Acari Order: Sarcopteriformes Family: Analgidae Genus: Megninia Species: M. cubitalis M. ginglymura

26. MORPHOLOGY In Megninia ginglymura the male has greatly enlarged third legs and large posterior lobes with copulatory suckers. The female has all legs of similar size.  Legs bear small numbers of stout setae Setae on body are few but all are stout and long . M. ginglymura spend their entire life cycle on the host and laying their eggs on the feathers. 

27. PATHOGENESIS Dermatitis with secretion. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS Depluming, damaged feathers, irritation, and dermatitis are typical signs. Heavy infestations decrease egg production TREATMENT The application of acaricides such as pyrethrum, trichlorfon, dichlorvos or oral or topical ivermectin or selamectin may be effective

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