OVERVIEW OF NTFP

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1. Master Seminar on “Potential of Non- Timber Forest Produce a National and International Scenario” Presented by NALISH KUMAR ANCHAL M.Sc. Forestry 5 th Sem DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE INDIRA GANDHI KRISHI VISHVAVIDYALAYA, RAIPUR (C.G.)

2. What is NTFP History Classification of NTFP NTFP Current Scenario National Forest Policy 1988 and NTFP Collection of NTFP South East Asia NTFP Trade Issue in NTFP Management Nationalized NTFP Product Internationalized NTFP Product International Trade of NTFP National Trade of NTFP Forest Scenario in Chhattisgarh Constraints in NTFP Marketing Conclusion Content

3. What is NTFP ‘Non-Timber Forest Products’ (NTFPs) encompasses all biological materials other than timber, which are extracted from forests for human use.

4. HISTORY Ancient Egyptians- imported gum Arabic from Sudan Trade sandalwood oil - 12 th century Exports of an essential oil - Philippines in 1864. Brazil nuts trade by Dutch traders during 18th century

5. NTFP CLASSIFICATION GROUP-I NTFPs of Plant Origin Edible Plant Products Spices and Condiments Medicinal Plants Aromatic Plants Fatty Oil Yield Plants Gum & Resin Exuding Plants Tan Yield Plants Dye & Colour Yield Plants Fibre & Floss Yield Plants Bamboo-Canes Fodder & Forage Fuelwood, Charcoal Making Bidi Wrapper Leaves Other Leaves for Plates Beads for Ornaments Saponin & Marking Nut Plant-Others

6. GROUP-II NTFPs of Animal Origin Honey Lac Tussar and Other Silk Insects and Animal-Hides, Skins and Feathers Horns, Bones and Shellac-Ivory and Musk NTFP CLASSIFICATION

7. NTFP CLASSIFICATION S. No. Category Products I Food products 1. Nuts . Brazil nuts, pine nuts, pignolia nuts, malva nut, walnuts and chestnuts. 2. Fruits . Jujube and Ginkgo. 3. Edible fungi . Morels, truffles and pine mushrooms. 4. Vegetables . Bamboo shoots and palm hearts. 5. Starches . Sago. 6. Bird nests . 7. Oils . Sheanuts, babacu oil, sal or tengkawang or illipe oil. 8. Maple sugar . II Spices and condiments 1. Nutmeg and mace. 2. Cinnamon and cassia. 3. Cardamom. 4. Galanga 5. Caraway III Industrial plant oils Tung oil, Neem oil, Jojoba oil, Kemiri or candle or lumbang oil, akar wangi and kapok oils. IV Plant gums Gums for food uses . Gum arabic, tragacanth, karaya and carob gums. 2. Technological grade gums. Talha and combretum gums. V Natural pigments Annatto seeds, and indigo. VI Oleoresins 1. Pine oleoresin 2. Copal and Damar, Gamboge, Benzoin gum, Dragon's blood Benjamin) and Copaiba oil. 3. Amber

8. VII Fibres and flosses 1. Fibres . Bamboo, rattan, oster, raffia, toquilla straw products, cork, esparto, Erica and other broom grasses. 2. Flosses . Kapok or silk cotton. VIII Vegetable tanning materials Quebracho, Mimosa, Chestnut and catha/cutch. IX Latex Natural rubber, gutta percha, jelutong, sorva and chicle. X Insect products 1. Natural honey. 2. Beeswax. 3. Lac. 4. Silk . Mulberry and non mulberry silks. 5. Cochineal 6. Aleppo galls. XI Incense woods Sandalwood, gharu or aloewood. XII Essential oils XIII Plant insecticides Pyrethrum, Derris, Medang and Peuak Bong. XIV Medicinal plants XV Wild plants XVI Animals and animals' products Trophies , bones, feathers, maleo eggs, live animals and birds. XVII Miscellaneous products 1. Bidi leaves. 4. Soap berries (soap nut). 5. Quillaia bark. 6. Cola nut. 7. Chewing sticks. 8. Lacquer. 9. Dom nuts or ivory nuts.

9. NTFPs- Current Scenario About 100 million people in India live in and around forests to get a part of their livelihood from NTFPs About 70 million are tribal's -mostly forest dwellers Women are the main gatherers & earners from NTFPs Family is the basic unit around which the social organization of the tribal society takes its form

10. National Forest Policy, 1988 & NTFPs ●Minor forest produce provides sustenance to tribal population and to other communities residing in and around the forests. Such produce should be protected, improved and their production enhanced with due regard to generation of employment and income. ●The rights and concessions from forests should primarily be for the bonafide use of the communities living within an around forest areas, specially the tribal's .

11. National Forest Policy, 1988 & NTFPs Their domestic requirements of fuel wood, fodder, minor forest produce and construction timber should be the first charge on forest produce. Protection, regeneration and optimum collection of minor forest produce along with institutional arrangements for the marketing of such produce.

12. NTFP Collection: An analysis Forest Department (Divisional Forest Officer) Highest Bidder / Tribal Society Permit given from collectors Agent Sub Agent (Optional) Tribal Collector ( Source: Key stone biodiversity programme – NTFP Project, 1998)

13. Material loss during collection, processing and marketing of various NTFPs

14. SOUTH EAST ASIA - NTFPs TRADE COUNTRY NUMBER OF ENTERPRISES NUMBER OF PERSONS INVOLVED NUMBER OF VILLAGES SALES India 27 2,232 370 € 1,81,596 Indonesia 29 1,452 58 € 99,838 Philippines 64 1,946 68 € 88,417.8 Cambodia 38 1,649 81 € 38,344.2 Total 163 7,400 600 € 4,08,196 ( Source: NTFP ’ s Annual Report, 2011

15. SOUTH EAST ASIA - NTFPs TRADE ( Source: NTFP ’ s Annual Report, 2011)

16. Issues in NTFPs Management •3000 plants species which yield NTFPs (CSIR, 1985) •150 excluding medicinal plants, are commercially exploited •Little is known of the actual production, use, and the way of marketing •The state forest department is responsible for NTFPs development process, from inventory to product marketing •Absence of a definite action plan at state and national level for extraction and marketing •Collection, processing, and marketing continue to operate in a traditional way in most parts of the country. •Non-sustainable harvesting •Lacking of Value-added NTFPs

17. Nationalized and Internationalized NTPF products Product Year Collected Quantity (lakh Standard Bags)/qtl. Price Tendu leaves 2015 16.44 standard bags 1200 Kullu Gums 2015 410 qtls 22000 per qtls Dhawda 2015 920 qtls 2900 per qtls Babul 2015 920 qtls 1740 per qtls Khair 2015 920 qtls 1740 per qtls Sal Seed 2015 1.257 lac qtls. 1000 per qtls Nationalized NTPF products

18. Internationalized NTFP Product Pine nuts - Exports 120 tones annually Exports, price Rs. 40,000 to 50,000 per tone Jujube fruits- Annual output of fresh jujube is 4,00,000 tones ,earning a foreign exchange of 5 million US$ annually Mushrooms - Total world production 150 tones ,Price - Rs. 80 per kg of dried mushrooms Annatto - Production - 10,000 to 11,000 tones ,Current market price - US$ 700 / tone Bamboos - Production 18.4% /annum, price US$ 36.2 million Bidi leaves - Production - 300,000 tones, price 183.5 million Birds' nests- total production 18.6 tones, price $ 2.93 million

19. INTERNATIONAL TRADE NON TIMBER FOREST PRODUCTS Pine nuts ‘Chalghoza' pine ( Pinus gerardiana ) and European stone pine ( Pinus pinea ) Collectors Wholesale markets Traders Pakistan Exports 120 tones annually to a number of Middle Eastern countries Export price (fob) ranges between Rs. 40,000 to 50,000 per tone (Dogra, 1999).

20. Jujube fruits Afro - Asian countries Collected and consumed by local communities China is the only country exporting Annual output of fresh jujube is 4,00,000 tones. China exports about 4,700 tones of dry jujube, earning a foreign exchange of 5 million US$ annually (Kunshan, 1991).

21. Mushrooms Lentinus edodes - forests in North Vietnam Sold after drying @ 25,000 to 45,000 Dong/kg dry weight (mid-1991 price: US$ 1 = 2.5 Dong ) (de Beer, 1993). Total world production 150 tones Fresh morels is limited trade Dried – Pakistan & India exports 100-120 tones/annum Price - Rs. 80 per kg of dried mushrooms The collectors, however, get one-half to two-thirds of the export price (Iqbal, 1991).

22. Oil seeds Shorea stenoptera - 9,000 unprocessed nuts, weighing 600 kg / ha /season Indonesia is the main producer and exporter Table Indonesian export of black and brown illipe seeds during Product Quantity (Tones) Value (US$) Price (fob) (US$/tone) Black illipe 210 105,000 500.00 Brown illipe 13,361 7,649,035 572.49 (Menon, 1989a )

23. Salanganes' or birds' nests Collocalia fuciphaga and C. maxima Two types i ) Black nests ii) White nest Malaysian exports - 1991 totaled 18.6 tones, mainly to Hong Kong, Singapore, Japan and Taiwan, Valuing Malaysian $ 2.93 million,

24. Spices and condiments Indonesia -15,800 tones -1990, Grenada produced 2,700 tones and 200 tones of nutmeg and mace, -1991 In 1991 to 7,335 tone; and 1,547 tones, - In 1990 6,391 tones and 1,050 tones (Smith,1996)

25. Gum karaya 1 to 5 kg /tree / season, (Verma, 1988). World production - 5,500 tones per annum The consumers US & western Europe (Robbing, 1998). 1991-92, India exported 573.6 tones Export – Rs.49 million

26. Annatto Yields - 300 kg to 600 kg / ha Production - 10,000 to 11,000 tones. Peru - 32 % of the world total. USA - 40% worlds' total imports. Current market price - US$ 700 / tone - Peruvian annatto, and US$ 450 per tone - Brazilian Annatto seeds (ITC, 2003).

27. Table. The main oleoresin yielding pine species in the world S.No Country Species 1 United States of America Pinus palustris, P. elliottii 2 France, Italy, Portugal and Spain P. pinaster 3 Greece and Spain P. halepensis 4 India, Pakistan P. roxburghii 5 China P. massoniana, P. tabuliformis 6 Malaysia P. merkusii 7 Central America P. caribaea, P. oocarpa 8 New-Zealand P. radiata Greenhalgh, 2002

28. Rattan Indonesia is the main producer 600,000 tones / yr, - 250,000 tones - commercially important. Actual production - 113,431 in 1982 to 168,854 tones in 1988 Increasing trend

29. Bamboos World trade - US$ 23.4 million in 1988 and US$ 44.9 million – 1992, Increase of about 92% in a 5 years, or 18.4% /annum. Exports from 1988 to 1992 was US$ 36.2 million China - 65.7% of the exports (Sulthoni,1990) Lac Total annual production - 20,000 tones India and Thailand producing on the average, 17,000 tones

30. Table . Lac production in India and Thailand Year Production Total India Thailand 1980-81 20,481 800 21,281 1984-85 12,955 8,000 20,955 1985-86 18,175 15,500 33,675 1986-87 20,340 10,000 30,340 1987-88 14,600 4,800 19,400 1988-89 15,000 4,500 19,500 1989-90 17,345 7,250 24,595 Average 11,890 5,085 16,975 (Source: Area and Production of Principal crops in India (1989-90), Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Government of India).

31. Forest honey Sundarbans - 220 tones of honey and 55 tones of wax annually (ADB, 1992). About 350 tones of honey and 28 tones of wax A single natural hive - 35 kg of honey and 1 kg of wax (Gupta and Guleria, 1982).

32. Sandal oil India and Malaysia are the main producers Annual production - 200 to 300 tones per year (ITC, 1996). India - 150 tones of sandalwood oil annually, India exported 37.43 tones Eucalyptus oil Production - 5,000 tones, ( 63 % medicinal oil, 33 % perfumery oil, and 4 % industrial oil.) China dominated- 3,000 tones / year, ( 65 to 75 % of global production.) Chinese exports, - France and Germany

33. Bidi leaves Production - 300,000 tones ( Gupta and Guleria 1982). M.P (41%), Orissa (17%), Maharashtra (15%), A.P (13%), Bihar (8%) Rajasthan, U.P, Gujarat, T.N and West Bengal 6% (Gupta, 1991). Tendu forests Tendu units Collection points Assuming 1 kg of leaves required to roll 2,000 bidis India exported 4,675.6 tones -1991- 92, ( Rs. 183.5 million).

34. NON TIMBER FOREST PRODUCTS IN INDIA It provides 50% of income for 20-30% of rural people in India (Sekhar et aI., 1993). 220 million tones of fuel wood, 250 million tones of grass and green fodder /yr It provides - 40 % total forest revenues & 55 % forest-based employment NTFPs - Rs 234 to Rs 5569 / ha / year with a mean of Rs 2299 (Malhotra et al., 1991).

35. Contd., NTFP in India are derived from over 3000 species 325 species producing NTFP are very common 879 species are used locally; 677 species are potentially useful only locally 1343 species can be described as "others lesser known" 60 % of all the recorded forest revenue from NTFP (Shiva,1995) Lack of information

36. Gross area : 1,35,224 sq km Forest area : 59,772.4 sq km (44 %) Dense forest : 39,557 sq kms Open forest : 17,136 sq kms Sal forests : 24,245 sq kms Teak forests : 5,600 sq kms Misc forests : 29,894 sq kms Bamboo forests : 6,074 sq kms Estimated growing stock : 320.4 million cmt Population Human popu : 17.6 million-Tribal’s 2.15(22.32%),S.C-5.7(37.13) Popu. density : 130/sq. kms Forestry scenario in Chhattisgarh

37. Cont…. Collection rate of Tendu leaves raised from INR 400 to 450 in 2001 (INR 85 in 1989 Time of Nationalization) 16.77 lakh bags Tendu leaves collected in 2001 with wage distribution of INR 821 millions 4,74.225 qntls sal seed collected in 2001-wages INR 152 million distributed. Sal seed collection rate increased from INR 3 to INR5 per Kg in current year . The collection rates for Sal seed is Rs. 1000/- per quintal for the year 2014. The collection rates for Harra is Rs. 1100/- per quintal for the year 2014-15 The collection rate for Tendu patta is Rs. 1200/- per Standard Bag for the year 2015. The collection rate for Kullu Gum is Rs. 22000/- per qt. for grade I, Rs. 15000/- per Qtl. for grade II and Rs. 10800/- per qtl. for grade III. Rs. 2900/- per qntl. for Dhawada and Rs. 1740/- per qtl. for Khair and Babul for the year 2014-15.

38. S.No Forest Type Area % of G.A. Biodiversity status 1. Sal Forests 19682 14.56 Very Rich 2. Teak Forests 5858 4.33 Fairly Rich 3. Mixed Forests 34230 25.32 Rich Total 59772 44.21 The Forest Ecosystem in Chhattisgarh

39. Trade Volume of NWFP in Chhattisgarh S. No. Category of MFP Species/Produce Estimated Trade in Rs. crores 1. Nationalized Tendu leaves and Gums Kullu,  Dhawda, Babul, Khair 720 2. Non Nationalized Sal seed, Harra, Imli, Mahua, lac, Kosa, Mahul Leaves,  chironjee Baibaring, Vanjeera, Kalmegh, Aonla etc. 780 Total 1500

40. PRODUCTION OF NON-TIMBER FOREST PRODUCTS  Products 1991 - 92 tones 1999-2000 tones Morels 55 75.3 Honey 1214 4647 Fruits 21,800 - Walnuts 20,000 - Vegetable 60 - Condiments 300 - Silk cocoons 245 - Lac 80 - Vegetable Tannin 4,000 - Mazri leaves 37,315 3400 Resins 3,600 447 Bhaber grass 993 - Soap nuts 250 - (Iqbal, 1991)

41. Table. Shows the Prices of Different NTFPs Price 1991-92 (Rs. Per Kg) 2001-02 (Rs. Per Kg) Inflated prices at 10% per year Morels (Morchella esculenta) 2400 4300 6,216 Honey 75 195.00 194.2 Walnuts 12.00 30 31.0 Wild persimmons 4 14.00 10.3 Chalghoza 40 300.0 103.6 Kachnar 5.00 12.00 12.9 Suhanjna 8.00 15 20.7 Kunjai 7.00 12.00 18 Anar Dana 82.0 110.0 212.3 Caraway 103.0 160.0 266.7 Silk Cocoons 250.0 400.0 647.5 Resin 28.07 35.50 72.7 Mazri 2.45 6 6.3 Bamboo 5 Ft 12.00 Ft 12.9 (Iqbal, 1991)

42. Table. State wise Value of NTFP per hectare of forestland

43. EXPORT AND IMPORT OF NTFP FROM INDIA Name products Export (million Rs) Countries Mushrooms 76.64 UK, France, Germany etc Pine nuts 880.668 Middle east, European countries Walnuts 200 Middle east etc Spices 53.824 Middle east etc Silk cocoons 47.6 Middle East etc Mazri 126 Middle East etc Total 1384.72   (Singh,1992)

44. Common NTFPs Market Channels

45. A Tribal Family Income Forest (50%) Agriculture (18%) Cattle(14 %) Other Employment (18%)

46. CONSTRAINTS in NTFPs MARKETING • Unsustainable harvesting • Old production technologies and methods, • Transportation facilities • Fluctuating and lower prices • Commercialization in production of the NTFPs, • Non availability of good market and • No proper research on market development for NTFPs.

47. CONCLUSION The important role of NTFPs in rural livelihoods recognize the significant opportunities for achieving both conservation and poverty reduction objectives by supporting the sustainable development of NTFPs. Rural people’s doing NTFPs Value Addition, while this process those NTFPs quality will improve simultaneously rural livelihood also improving, but they should know and rectify the negative impact on environment . Develop and support integrated efforts to achieve food security, increase cash income, and conserve forests through NTFP-related interventions

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