Overview of rotating equipment.pdf
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About This Presentation
Rotating Equipment Maintenance
Slide Content
© John Crane
Overview of Rotating Equipment
Speaker’s name
Speaker’s role
date
John Crane Copyright
The information contained in, or attached to, this document, contai n confidential information that is proprietary to John Crane .
This document cannot be copied for any purpose, or be disclosed, in par t or whole, to third party without the prior approval of John Crane.
Overview of Rotating Equipment
Speaker’s name
Speaker’s role
date
John Crane Copyright
The information contained in, or attached to, this document, contai n confidential information that is proprietary to John Crane .
This document cannot be copied for any purpose, or be disclosed, in par t or whole, to third party without the prior approval of John Crane.
© John Crane
Session Agenda:
1.An Overview of Rotating Equipment
2.Prime Movers – Drivers
3.Rotating Equipment – Driven
4.Connectors – Modifiers & Couplings
Further Rotating Equipment:
5.Centrifugal Pumps
6.Positive Displacement Pumps
7.Summary and Conclusions
An Overview of Rotating Equipment
Session Agenda:
1.An Overview of Rotating Equipment
2.Prime Movers – Drivers
3.Rotating Equipment – Driven
4.Connectors – Modifiers & Couplings
Further Rotating Equipment:
5.Centrifugal Pumps
6.Positive Displacement Pumps
7.Summary and Conclusions
An Overview of Rotating Equipment
© John Crane
Introductory Exercise
Driver Driven
Compressors
Mixers
Wind Turbines
Hydraulic Motors
Fans
Steam Turbines
Screw Pumps
Reciprocating Pumps
Diesel Engines
Electric Motors
Can you already identify the machines
listed below as Drivers or Driven Equipment?
Introductory Exercise
Driver Driven
Compressors
Mixers
Wind Turbines
Hydraulic Motors
Fans
Steam Turbines
Screw Pumps
Reciprocating Pumps
Diesel Engines
Electric Motors
Can you already identify the machines
listed below as Drivers or Driven Equipment?
© John Crane
1. An Overview of Rotating Equipment
In most cases energy is transferred into rotating equipment, from a driving equipment
(known as the Prime Mover) to the driven equipment (known as Rotating Equipment
or the Functional Machine).
Examples of Prime Moversinclude:
ƒTurbines – Steam, Gas, Water &
Wind
ƒInternal Combustion Engines
ƒElectric Motors
Examples of Rotating Equipment include:
ƒCentrifugal and Positive Displacement
Pumps
ƒCompressors
ƒAgitators/Mixers/Reactors
ƒElectric Generators and Alternators
ƒFans and Blowers
Prime
Mover
(Driver)
Rotating
Equipment
(Driven)
1. An Overview of Rotating Equipment
In most cases energy is transferred into rotating equipment, from a driving equipment
(known as the Prime Mover) to the driven equipment (known as Rotating Equipment
or the Functional Machine).
Examples of Prime Moversinclude:
ƒTurbines – Steam, Gas, Water &
Wind
ƒInternal Combustion Engines
ƒElectric Motors
Examples of Rotating Equipment include:
ƒCentrifugal and Positive Displacement
Pumps
ƒCompressors
ƒAgitators/Mixers/Reactors
ƒElectric Generators and Alternators
ƒFans and Blowers
Prime
Mover
(Driver)
Rotating
Equipment
(Driven)
© John Crane
Typical rotating equipment fitted with mechanical seals includes:
•
centrifugal and positive displacement pumps
•
centrifugal gas compressors and refrigeration compressors
•
turbines (steam, gas, water, wind)
•
agitators / mixers / reactors
•
anywhere a rotating shaft passes through a stationary housing where
product has to be contained
1. An Overview of Rotating Equipment
Typical rotating equipment fitted with mechanical seals includes:
•
centrifugal and positive displacement pumps
•
centrifugal gas compressors and refrigeration compressors
•
turbines (steam, gas, water, wind)
•
agitators / mixers / reactors
•
anywhere a rotating shaft passes through a stationary housing where
product has to be contained
1. An Overview of Rotating Equipment
© John Crane
The term turbomachinerydescribes machines that transfer energy between a
rotor and a fluid, including both turbines and compressors.
ƒA turbinetransfers energy from a fluid to a rotor.
ƒA compressortransfers energy from a rotor to a fluid. 2. Prime Movers –Turbomachinery
Typical Steam TurbineTypical Centrifugal Gas Compressor
The term turbomachinerydescribes machines that transfer energy between a
rotor and a fluid, including both turbines and compressors.
ƒA turbinetransfers energy from a fluid to a rotor.
ƒA compressortransfers energy from a rotor to a fluid. 2. Prime Movers –Turbomachinery
Typical Steam TurbineTypical Centrifugal Gas Compressor
© John Crane
2. Prime Movers –Steam Turbines Steam turbineswork on the principle of using pressurised steamto rotate turbine
blades.
This rotation is then used to drive other equipment, in a similar way as an electric
motor but utilising the heat and pressure of the steam rather than electricity as the
driving energy.
2. Prime Movers –Steam Turbines Steam turbineswork on the principle of using pressurised steamto rotate turbine
blades.
This rotation is then used to drive other equipment, in a similar way as an electric
motor but utilising the heat and pressure of the steam rather than electricity as the
driving energy.
© John Crane
2. Prime Movers –Gas Turbines Gas turbineswork on the principle of using pressurised fuelsto rotate turbine
blades, they can produce a great amount of energy for their footprint size and
weight. Their smaller footprint, low weight and multiple fuel applications make them
the ideal power plant for offshore use.
The rotation is used to drive other equipment, in a similar way as the steam turbine
utilising the heat and pressure of the fuel as the driving energy.
Hot exhaust gases can be used for steam generation, heat transfer, heating and
cooling purposes.
2. Prime Movers –Gas Turbines Gas turbineswork on the principle of using pressurised fuelsto rotate turbine
blades, they can produce a great amount of energy for their footprint size and
weight. Their smaller footprint, low weight and multiple fuel applications make them
the ideal power plant for offshore use.
The rotation is used to drive other equipment, in a similar way as the steam turbine
utilising the heat and pressure of the fuel as the driving energy.
Hot exhaust gases can be used for steam generation, heat transfer, heating and
cooling purposes.
© John Crane
2. Prime Movers –Water Turbines
The water turbineconverts energy in the form of falling water into rotating shaft
power. The amount of power which can be obtained depends upon the amount of
water available i.e. the flow rate, and the heador fall through which it depends.
The rotating element (`runner') of a reaction turbineis fully immersed in water and
is enclosed in a pressure casing. The runner blades are profiled so that pressure
differences across them impose a lifting force (the wings on an aircraft), which
cause the runner to rotate.
Francis Reaction Turbine RunnerTypical Francis Reaction Turbine
Typical Kaplan Reaction Turbine
2. Prime Movers –Water Turbines
The water turbineconverts energy in the form of falling water into rotating shaft
power. The amount of power which can be obtained depends upon the amount of
water available i.e. the flow rate, and the heador fall through which it depends.
The rotating element (`runner') of a reaction turbineis fully immersed in water and
is enclosed in a pressure casing. The runner blades are profiled so that pressure
differences across them impose a lifting force (the wings on an aircraft), which
cause the runner to rotate.
Francis Reaction Turbine RunnerTypical Francis Reaction Turbine
Typical Kaplan Reaction Turbine
© John Crane
An impulse turbinerunner operates in air, driven by a jet (or jets) of water. Here the
water remains at atmospheric pressure before and after making contact with the runner
blades.
In this case a nozzle converts the pressu rised low velocity water into a high speed
jet. The runner blades deflect the jet so as to maximise the change of momentum of the
water and thus maximising the force on the blades.
Typical Pelton Wheel Turbines
Typical Turgo ImpulseTurbine
2. Prime Movers –Water Turbines
An impulse turbinerunner operates in air, driven by a jet (or jets) of water. Here the
water remains at atmospheric pressure before and after making contact with the runner
blades.
In this case a nozzle converts the pressu rised low velocity water into a high speed
jet. The runner blades deflect the jet so as to maximise the change of momentum of the
water and thus maximising the force on the blades.
Typical Pelton Wheel Turbines
Typical Turgo ImpulseTurbine
2. Prime Movers –Water Turbines
© John Crane
2. Prime Movers –Water Turbines
This type of water turbineoperates in a similar manner as a wind turbine but exploits
underwater currents rather than air, based on the principle that all fluids behave the
same way.
2. Prime Movers –Water Turbines
This type of water turbineoperates in a similar manner as a wind turbine but exploits
underwater currents rather than air, based on the principle that all fluids behave the
same way.
© John Crane
2. Prime Movers –Wind Turbines A Wind turbine is a machine that converts kinetic energyfrom the wind into
mechanical energy, and this energy can be used to produce electricity e.g. wind
generators / farms, or used to drive other machinery to do useful work e.g. windmills.
2. Prime Movers –Wind Turbines A Wind turbine is a machine that converts kinetic energyfrom the wind into
mechanical energy, and this energy can be used to produce electricity e.g. wind
generators / farms, or used to drive other machinery to do useful work e.g. windmills.
© John Crane
2. Prime Movers –
Internal Combustion Engines
ƒReciprocating or Hydraulic
•
Diesel / Gas Engines
•
Hydraulic Motors
AReciprocating Engine, also often known
as a piston engine, is a heat engine that
uses one or more reciprocating pistons to
convert pressure into a rotating motion.
Diesel Engines
A Hydraulic Motoris a mechanical
actuator that converts hydraulic pressure
and flow into torque and angular
displacement (rotation).
2. Prime Movers –
Internal Combustion Engines
ƒReciprocating or Hydraulic
•
Diesel / Gas Engines
•
Hydraulic Motors
AReciprocating Engine, also often known
as a piston engine, is a heat engine that
uses one or more reciprocating pistons to
convert pressure into a rotating motion.
Diesel Engines
A Hydraulic Motoris a mechanical
actuator that converts hydraulic pressure
and flow into torque and angular
displacement (rotation).
© John Crane
2. Prime Movers –Electric Motors
ƒElectric Motors
•
Direct on line (DOL)
•
Star Delta
•
Variable speed/variable
frequency
An Electric Motorconverts electrical energy into
mechanical energy. Most electric motors operate
through interacting magnetic fields and current-
carrying conductors to generate force.
Electric motors are commonly started Direct On
Line (DOL) where the full line voltage is applied
to the motor terminals. This is the simplest type
of motor starter.
For Softer starts –Star Deltais preferred where
the start is controlled in two phases'
Variable Speed/ Variable Frequencyallows full
control of the start up and operation.
Electric Motor
2. Prime Movers –Electric Motors
ƒElectric Motors
•
Direct on line (DOL)
•
Star Delta
•
Variable speed/variable
frequency
An Electric Motorconverts electrical energy into
mechanical energy. Most electric motors operate
through interacting magnetic fields and current-
carrying conductors to generate force.
Electric motors are commonly started Direct On
Line (DOL) where the full line voltage is applied
to the motor terminals. This is the simplest type
of motor starter.
For Softer starts –Star Deltais preferred where
the start is controlled in two phases'
Variable Speed/ Variable Frequencyallows full
control of the start up and operation.
Electric Motor
© John Crane
3. Rotating Equipment (Driven) –Centrifugal Pumps
ƒCentrifugal
•
Pumps
•
Compressors
•
Mixers
•
Fans
•
Propellers
Centrifugal Drivenmachines are similar
to a turbine but operating in reverse.
Centrifugal force is defined as moving, or
pulling away from a centre or axis.
Typically a Centrifugal Pumpuses a
rotating impeller to increase the pressure
of a fluid.
Centrifugal pumps are commonly used to
move liquids through a piping system.
The fluid enters the pump impeller along or
near to the rotating axis and is accelerated
by the impeller, flowing radially outward
into volute chamber (casing), from where it
exits into the downstream piping system.
Centrifugal Pump
3. Rotating Equipment (Driven) –Centrifugal Pumps
ƒCentrifugal
•
Pumps
•
Compressors
•
Mixers
•
Fans
•
Propellers
Centrifugal Drivenmachines are similar
to a turbine but operating in reverse.
Centrifugal force is defined as moving, or
pulling away from a centre or axis.
Typically a Centrifugal Pumpuses a
rotating impeller to increase the pressure
of a fluid.
Centrifugal pumps are commonly used to
move liquids through a piping system.
The fluid enters the pump impeller along or
near to the rotating axis and is accelerated
by the impeller, flowing radially outward
into volute chamber (casing), from where it
exits into the downstream piping system.
Centrifugal Pump
© John Crane
3. Rotating Equipment (Driven) –Positive Displacement Pumps
ƒReciprocating
or Hydraulic
•
Gear Pumps
•
Screw Pumps
•
Piston Pumps
•
Reciprocating Pumps
All Positive Displacement pumps deliver a constant
amount of fluidfor each revolution or stroke. Gear Pumpsuse the meshing of gears to pump fluid by
displacement. They are one of the most common types of
pumps for hydraulic fluid power applications. Gear pumps
are also widely used in chemical installations to pump fluid
with a certain viscosity.
Screw Pumpsuse one or several screws to move fluids
or solids along the screw(s) axis . In its simplest form (the
Archimedes' screw pump), a single screw rotates in a
cylindrical cavity, thereby mo ving the material along the
screw's spindle.
A Piston Pumpis where the high-pressure seal
reciprocates with the piston. Piston pumps can be used to
move liquids or compress gases.
A Reciprocating Pumpis a plunger pump. It is often used
where relatively small quantit y of liquid is to be handled
and where delivery pressure is quite large.
Archimedes' screw pump
3. Rotating Equipment (Driven) –Positive Displacement Pumps
ƒReciprocating
or Hydraulic
•
Gear Pumps
•
Screw Pumps
•
Piston Pumps
•
Reciprocating Pumps
All Positive Displacement pumps deliver a constant
amount of fluidfor each revolution or stroke. Gear Pumpsuse the meshing of gears to pump fluid by
displacement. They are one of the most common types of
pumps for hydraulic fluid power applications. Gear pumps
are also widely used in chemical installations to pump fluid
with a certain viscosity.
Screw Pumpsuse one or several screws to move fluids
or solids along the screw(s) axis . In its simplest form (the
Archimedes' screw pump), a single screw rotates in a
cylindrical cavity, thereby mo ving the material along the
screw's spindle.
A Piston Pumpis where the high-pressure seal
reciprocates with the piston. Piston pumps can be used to
move liquids or compress gases.
A Reciprocating Pumpis a plunger pump. It is often used
where relatively small quantit y of liquid is to be handled
and where delivery pressure is quite large.
Archimedes' screw pump
© John Crane
A centrifugal gas compressoris a
mechanical devise that increases the
pressure of a gas by reducing its volume.
As with a pump for liquids, a compressor
increases the fluid pressure, and can
transport the fluid through a pipe.
However, as gases are compressible,
the compressor also reduces the gas
volume whereas the main result of a pump
is to increase the pressure of a liquid to
allow it to be transported.
3. Rotating Equipment (Driven) –Compressors
A centrifugal gas compressoris a
mechanical devise that increases the
pressure of a gas by reducing its volume.
As with a pump for liquids, a compressor
increases the fluid pressure, and can
transport the fluid through a pipe.
However, as gases are compressible,
the compressor also reduces the gas
volume whereas the main result of a pump
is to increase the pressure of a liquid to
allow it to be transported.
3. Rotating Equipment (Driven) –Compressors
© John Crane
Centrifugal Gas Compressor Construction
Comprises a casing containing rotating shaft,
on which is mounted a cylindrical assembly of
compressor blades.
Each blade on the compressor produces a
pressure variation, similar to an aircraft
propeller airfoil.
Centrifugal compressors also do work on the
flow by rotating (thus accelerating)the flow
radially.
CC
==
RR
==
3. Rotating Equipment (Driven) –Compressors
Centrifugal Gas Compressor Construction
Comprises a casing containing rotating shaft,
on which is mounted a cylindrical assembly of
compressor blades.
Each blade on the compressor produces a
pressure variation, similar to an aircraft
propeller airfoil.
Centrifugal compressors also do work on the
flow by rotating (thus accelerating)the flow
radially.
CC
==
RR
==
3. Rotating Equipment (Driven) –Compressors
© John Crane
Centrifugal Gas Compressor Applications
They are used throughout industry because they:
9have few moving parts
9are very energy efficient
9give higher airflow that a similarly sized
reciprocating compressor
3. Rotating Equipment (Driven) –Compressors
Centrifugal Gas Compressor Applications
They are used throughout industry because they:
9have few moving parts
9are very energy efficient
9give higher airflow that a similarly sized
reciprocating compressor
3. Rotating Equipment (Driven) –Compressors
© John Crane
Refrigerant Compressors
Designed specifically for air conditioning,
heat pumpingand refrigerationapplications.
They are integral components of the
refrigeration cycle, in which refrigerant gases
are cyclically evaporated and condensed,
absorbing heat from the load to be cooled, and
delivering it to an open environment where it is
dissipated.
There are 3 main types of refrigerant
compressors:
ƒScrew
ƒPiston
ƒScroll
3. Rotating Equipment (Driven) –Compressors
Refrigerant Compressors
Designed specifically for air conditioning,
heat pumpingand refrigerationapplications.
They are integral components of the
refrigeration cycle, in which refrigerant gases
are cyclically evaporated and condensed,
absorbing heat from the load to be cooled, and
delivering it to an open environment where it is
dissipated.
There are 3 main types of refrigerant
compressors:
ƒScrew
ƒPiston
ƒScroll
3. Rotating Equipment (Driven) –Compressors
© John Crane
Agitators / Mixers / Reactorsare machines for mixing or agitating a product within
a pressure vessel. They are installed in process plants in industries such as
chemical processing, pharmaceuticals, pulp and paper processing etc.
Applications include:
9
blending
9dissolving
9heat transfer
9solids dispersion
9solids suspension
9complete chemical reactions
9polymerisation
9crystallisation
9neutralisation
3. Rotating Equipment (Driven) –Agitators / Mixers / Reactors
Agitators / Mixers / Reactorsare machines for mixing or agitating a product within
a pressure vessel. They are installed in process plants in industries such as
chemical processing, pharmaceuticals, pulp and paper processing etc.
Applications include:
9
blending
9dissolving
9heat transfer
9solids dispersion
9solids suspension
9complete chemical reactions
9polymerisation
9crystallisation
9neutralisation
3. Rotating Equipment (Driven) –Agitators / Mixers / Reactors
© John Crane
Most equipment can be classified into three typesof configurations:
Top Entry– the mixer is mounted through an entry port at the top of the vessel.
Bottom Entry– the mixer is mounted through an entry port at the bottom of the
vessel.
Side Entry– the mixer is normally mounted through a nozzle on the side of the
vessel (normally mounted near the bottom of the vessel, to allow mixing at low
liquid levels, and during filling and emptying).
3. Rotating Equipment (Driven) –Agitators / Mixers / Reactors
Most equipment can be classified into three typesof configurations:
Top Entry– the mixer is mounted through an entry port at the top of the vessel.
Bottom Entry– the mixer is mounted through an entry port at the bottom of the
vessel.
Side Entry– the mixer is normally mounted through a nozzle on the side of the
vessel (normally mounted near the bottom of the vessel, to allow mixing at low
liquid levels, and during filling and emptying).
3. Rotating Equipment (Driven) –Agitators / Mixers / Reactors
© John Crane
Most agitators and mixers operate at low
shaft speeds typically around 100 – 500 RPM.
The deflectionon a long overhung shaft will
affect the design of the vessel and the sealing
device. They will have to tolerate any run-out
or misalignment due to shaft deflection.
3. Rotating Equipment (Driven) –Agitators / Mixers / Reactors
Most agitators and mixers operate at low
shaft speeds typically around 100 – 500 RPM.
The deflectionon a long overhung shaft will
affect the design of the vessel and the sealing
device. They will have to tolerate any run-out
or misalignment due to shaft deflection.
3. Rotating Equipment (Driven) –Agitators / Mixers / Reactors
© John Crane
ƒElectrical
An Electric Generatoris a device that
converts mechanical energy to electrical
energy. The reverse conversion of electrical
energy into mechanical energy is done by a
motor; motors and generators have many
similarities.
The source of mechanical energy may be a
reciprocating or turbine steam engine, water
falling through a turbine or waterwheel, an
internal combustion engine, a wind turbine, a
hand crank, compressed air or any other
source of mechanical energy.
An Alternatoris an electromechanical device
that converts mechanical energy to electrical
energy in the form of alternating current.
Alternators in power stations driven by steam
turbines are called Turbo-Alternators.
3. Rotating Equipment (Driven) –Electric Generators & Alternators
ƒElectrical
An Electric Generatoris a device that
converts mechanical energy to electrical
energy. The reverse conversion of electrical
energy into mechanical energy is done by a
motor; motors and generators have many
similarities.
The source of mechanical energy may be a
reciprocating or turbine steam engine, water
falling through a turbine or waterwheel, an
internal combustion engine, a wind turbine, a
hand crank, compressed air or any other
source of mechanical energy.
An Alternatoris an electromechanical device
that converts mechanical energy to electrical
energy in the form of alternating current.
Alternators in power stations driven by steam
turbines are called Turbo-Alternators.
3. Rotating Equipment (Driven) –Electric Generators & Alternators
© John Crane
Industrial fans and blowersconsist of shaft mounted rotor blades contained
within a casing, and are used for creating a flow of gas (air).
Fans and blowers have diverse applications in many industries for the following
typical processes:
ƒExtraction
ƒVentilation
ƒCooling
ƒAeration
ƒDrying etc.
Power Station Fly Ash Blower
Typical Industrial Fan
3. Rotating Equipment (Driven) –Fans & Blowers
Industrial fans and blowersconsist of shaft mounted rotor blades contained
within a casing, and are used for creating a flow of gas (air).
Fans and blowers have diverse applications in many industries for the following
typical processes:
ƒExtraction
ƒVentilation
ƒCooling
ƒAeration
ƒDrying etc.
Power Station Fly Ash Blower
Typical Industrial Fan
3. Rotating Equipment (Driven) –Fans & Blowers
© John Crane
4. Connectors –Modifiers and Couplings
Whenever two pieces of rotating
machinery such as a pump and a
motor need to be connected
together, there is the possibility of a
direct or indirect connection.
Equipment can be indirectly connected by belts or chains – for example think of a bicycle as
the chain transfers pedal power to the wheel:
However indirectly coupled equipment is usuallyinefficient, due to frictional losses when the
belts or chains slip dur ing power transmission.
4. Connectors –Modifiers and Couplings
Whenever two pieces of rotating
machinery such as a pump and a
motor need to be connected
together, there is the possibility of a
direct or indirect connection.
Equipment can be indirectly connected by belts or chains – for example think of a bicycle as
the chain transfers pedal power to the wheel:
However indirectly coupled equipment is usuallyinefficient, due to frictional losses when the
belts or chains slip dur ing power transmission.
© John Crane
4. Connectors-Modifiers and Couplings
The alternative solution is a directconnection between the 2 machines:
Motor (Driver)Pump (Driven)
Prime
Mover
(Driver)
Rotating
Equipment
(Driven)
Connector
4. Connectors-Modifiers and Couplings
The alternative solution is a directconnection between the 2 machines:
Motor (Driver)Pump (Driven)
Prime
Mover
(Driver)
Rotating
Equipment
(Driven)
Connector
© John Crane
4. Connectors –Modifiers and Couplings
Modifiers
Couplings
With a Direct Drivebetween the driver and the driven equipment, some form of
connector device is needed:
The types of driving and driven equipments being driven will affect the choice of the
suitable connector device.
There are various types of connector devices commonly in use in process industries.
Prime
Mover
(Driver)
Rotating
Equipment
(Driven)
Connector
4. Connectors –Modifiers and Couplings
Modifiers
Couplings
With a Direct Drivebetween the driver and the driven equipment, some form of
connector device is needed:
The types of driving and driven equipments being driven will affect the choice of the
suitable connector device.
There are various types of connector devices commonly in use in process industries.
Prime
Mover
(Driver)
Rotating
Equipment
(Driven)
Connector
© John Crane
4. Connectors –Modifiers and Couplings
Modifiersare connectors and are so described
as they ‘Modify’“ or ‘Change the input to output
transmission properties such as:
ƒSpeed
ƒTorque
ƒRotational Direction
Examples of Modifiers include:
ƒFluid coupling
ƒGearbox
ƒBelts
ƒChains
4. Connectors –Modifiers and Couplings
Modifiersare connectors and are so described
as they ‘Modify’“ or ‘Change the input to output
transmission properties such as:
ƒSpeed
ƒTorque
ƒRotational Direction
Examples of Modifiers include:
ƒFluid coupling
ƒGearbox
ƒBelts
ƒChains
© John Crane
4. Connectors –Modifiers and Couplings
Modifier
A Fluid Couplingis a hydrodynamic device used to
transmit rotating mechanical power.
It also has widespread application in marine and
industrial machine drives, where variable speed
operation and/or controlled start-up without shock
loading of the power transmission system is essential.
4. Connectors –Modifiers and Couplings
Modifier
A Fluid Couplingis a hydrodynamic device used to
transmit rotating mechanical power.
It also has widespread application in marine and
industrial machine drives, where variable speed
operation and/or controlled start-up without shock
loading of the power transmission system is essential.
© John Crane
4. Connectors –Modifiers and Couplings
Modifier
A Transmissionor Gearboxprovides speed and torque
conversions from a rotating power source to another
device using gear ratios.
4. Connectors –Modifiers and Couplings
Modifier
A Transmissionor Gearboxprovides speed and torque
conversions from a rotating power source to another
device using gear ratios.
© John Crane
4. Connectors –Modifiers and Couplings
Modifier
A Beltis a loop of flexible material used to
link two or more rotating shafts mechanically.
Belts may be used as a source of motion, to
transmit power efficiently.
4. Connectors –Modifiers and Couplings
Modifier
A Beltis a loop of flexible material used to
link two or more rotating shafts mechanically.
Belts may be used as a source of motion, to
transmit power efficiently.
© John Crane
4. Connectors –Modifiers and Couplings
Modifier
A Chain Driveis a way of transmitting mechanical power.
By varying the diameter of the input and output sprockets
with respect to each other, the gear ratio can be altered.
4. Connectors –Modifiers and Couplings
Modifier
A Chain Driveis a way of transmitting mechanical power.
By varying the diameter of the input and output sprockets
with respect to each other, the gear ratio can be altered.
© John Crane
4. Connectors –Modifiers and Couplings
ƒDisc
ƒGear
ƒGrid
ƒChain
ƒDiaphragm
ƒElastomeric
ƒRubber Block
ƒUniversal Joint
ƒRigid
ƒHose
ƒPin & Bush
All the above connectors transmit torque and
speed withoutchange to the drive characteristics
seen with modifiers.
Couplings can be used in conjunction with
modifiers - they are not in direct competition.
The other types of connector devices are known as couplings:
4. Connectors –Modifiers and Couplings
ƒDisc
ƒGear
ƒGrid
ƒChain
ƒDiaphragm
ƒElastomeric
ƒRubber Block
ƒUniversal Joint
ƒRigid
ƒHose
ƒPin & Bush
All the above connectors transmit torque and
speed withoutchange to the drive characteristics
seen with modifiers.
Couplings can be used in conjunction with
modifiers - they are not in direct competition.
The other types of connector devices are known as couplings:
© John Crane
4. Connectors –Modifiers and Couplings
A couplingis a device used to connect two
shafts together at their ends for the
purpose of transmitting torque.
4. Connectors –Modifiers and Couplings
A couplingis a device used to connect two
shafts together at their ends for the
purpose of transmitting torque.
© John Crane
Modifier Coupling
Universal Joint
Gear Box
Belt Drive
Chain
Pin & Bush
Chain Drive
Elastomeric
Fluid Coupling
Can you identify if the Connectors listed below
are Modifiers or Couplings?
Exercise
Modifier Coupling
Universal Joint
Gear Box
Belt Drive
Chain
Pin & Bush
Chain Drive
Elastomeric
Fluid Coupling
Can you identify if the Connectors listed below
are Modifiers or Couplings?
Exercise
© John Crane
Pump types are generally classified according to how they transfer energy to the
fluid, and the combination of pressure and flow which they are designed to
generate:
•pumps which pass kinetic energy to the fluid by means of a rapidly rotating
impeller are known as kinetic or dynamic or centrifugal pumps
•pumps in which the fluid is mechanically displaced are termed positive
displacement pumps
Classification of pumps:
5. Further Rotating Equipment -Pumps
Pump types are generally classified according to how they transfer energy to the
fluid, and the combination of pressure and flow which they are designed to
generate:
•pumps which pass kinetic energy to the fluid by means of a rapidly rotating
impeller are known as kinetic or dynamic or centrifugal pumps
•pumps in which the fluid is mechanically displaced are termed positive
displacement pumps
Classification of pumps:
5. Further Rotating Equipment -Pumps
© John Crane
The Application Data Sheet will usually indicate the ‘Type’ of pump:
5. Further Rotating Equipment -Pumps
The Application Data Sheet will usually indicate the ‘Type’ of pump:
5. Further Rotating Equipment -Pumps
© John Crane
5. Further Rotating Equipment -Pumps A pump data sheet or manufacturer’s rating plate should at least contain the following
information:
•
Manufacturer
•
Pump serial No
•
Pump Direction of Rotation
•
Duty Generated Head
•
Duty Flowrate
•
Pump Absorbed Power at Duty Point
•
Pump Running Speed
•
Pump Casing Design Pressure
5. Further Rotating Equipment -Pumps A pump data sheet or manufacturer’s rating plate should at least contain the following
information:
•
Manufacturer
•
Pump serial No
•
Pump Direction of Rotation
•
Duty Generated Head
•
Duty Flowrate
•
Pump Absorbed Power at Duty Point
•
Pump Running Speed
•
Pump Casing Design Pressure
© John Crane
5. Further Rotating Equipment -Pumps The following data relevant to seal selection should also be included:
•
Shaft Size
•
Pumped Process Fluid (including temperature)
•
Barrier Fluid (including temperature)
•
Suction Pressure
•
Discharge Pressure
•
Chamber pressure
•
API Piping Plan
5. Further Rotating Equipment -Pumps The following data relevant to seal selection should also be included:
•
Shaft Size
•
Pumped Process Fluid (including temperature)
•
Barrier Fluid (including temperature)
•
Suction Pressure
•
Discharge Pressure
•
Chamber pressure
•
API Piping Plan
© John Crane
API 610 / ISO 13709 provides a code to classify the various types: 5. Centrifugal Pumps
API 610 / ISO 13709 provides a code to classify the various types: 5. Centrifugal Pumps
© John Crane
5. Centrifugal Pumps –OH1 Centrifugal Pump
-Horizontal, overhung,
flexibly coupled, foot-mounted (OH1)
Seal Chamber
Semi-open Impeller
5. Centrifugal Pumps –OH1 Centrifugal Pump
-Horizontal, overhung,
flexibly coupled, foot-mounted (OH1)
Seal Chamber
Semi-open Impeller
© John Crane
5. Centrifugal Pumps –OH1 Seal Chamber Pressure (OH1) ƒInfluenced by:
•
Size of the impeller for a given shaft
•
Type of Seal Chamber
1.
Traditional cylindrical with throat bushing
2.
Cylindrical with open throat
3.
Conical or Tapered bore
•
Diameter of the seal chamber bore adjacent to back of the impeller
ƒThe radially smaller the back vane ‘sweep’ the lower its effectiveness
• The larger the bore diameter the higher the chamber pressure
•
The smaller the impeller size the higher the chamber pressure
ƒSeal Chamber Pressure = Suction + K x (Differential Pressure) where K is a
relative % value
K = 10% for Chamber type 1
K = 10% to 30% for Chamber type 2 depending on impeller size
K = <= 80% for Chamber type 3 depending on impeller size and bore diameter
adjacent to back of the impeller
5. Centrifugal Pumps –OH1 Seal Chamber Pressure (OH1) ƒInfluenced by:
•
Size of the impeller for a given shaft
•
Type of Seal Chamber
1.
Traditional cylindrical with throat bushing
2.
Cylindrical with open throat
3.
Conical or Tapered bore
•
Diameter of the seal chamber bore adjacent to back of the impeller
ƒThe radially smaller the back vane ‘sweep’ the lower its effectiveness
• The larger the bore diameter the higher the chamber pressure
•
The smaller the impeller size the higher the chamber pressure
ƒSeal Chamber Pressure = Suction + K x (Differential Pressure) where K is a
relative % value
K = 10% for Chamber type 1
K = 10% to 30% for Chamber type 2 depending on impeller size
K = <= 80% for Chamber type 3 depending on impeller size and bore diameter
adjacent to back of the impeller
© John Crane
Many single-stage pumps are known as back pull-out designs, because of the way
that the bearing frame assembly is pulled out from the back of the pump volute:
5. Centrifugal Pumps
Many single-stage pumps are known as back pull-out designs, because of the way
that the bearing frame assembly is pulled out from the back of the pump volute:
5. Centrifugal Pumps
© John Crane
5. Centrifugal Pumps –OH2
Typical OH2 Process Pump
ƒClosed impeller
ƒBalance holes
Image: Sulzer Pumps
Seal Chamber
Typical pumping applications
from petroleum,
petrochemical and gas
processing industries
5. Centrifugal Pumps –OH2
Typical OH2 Process Pump
ƒClosed impeller
ƒBalance holes
Image: Sulzer Pumps
Seal Chamber
Typical pumping applications
from petroleum,
petrochemical and gas
processing industries
© John Crane
Image: Flowserve Pumps
5. Centrifugal Pumps –OH2
Typical pumping applications include
Petroleum, petrochemical and
Gas processing industries
Image: Flowserve Pumps
5. Centrifugal Pumps –OH2
Typical pumping applications include
Petroleum, petrochemical and
Gas processing industries
© John Crane
5. Centrifugal Pumps –OH2 Seal Chamber Pressure for OH2 pumps
ƒStrongly influenced by the position of the balance hole in relation to the impeller
blade
ƒTypically holes in front of the blade
ƒChamber pressure very close to Suction pressure conditions.
Suggest the formula (Suction + 10% Differential Pressure) is used
ƒBe careful!
•
If within the blade curvature this can be below suction pressure.
•
Some ‘Circulator’ pumps have no rear wear rings or balance holes. These
pumps typically operate at significant suction pressures and the ‘head’ or
differential pressure is low (2 to 3 bar). Seal chamber is at DP.
•
Check if it is 2 stage. In ‘Pump language’, ‘Multistage’ means 3 stages or
more!
5. Centrifugal Pumps –OH2 Seal Chamber Pressure for OH2 pumps
ƒStrongly influenced by the position of the balance hole in relation to the impeller
blade
ƒTypically holes in front of the blade
ƒChamber pressure very close to Suction pressure conditions.
Suggest the formula (Suction + 10% Differential Pressure) is used
ƒBe careful!
•
If within the blade curvature this can be below suction pressure.
•
Some ‘Circulator’ pumps have no rear wear rings or balance holes. These
pumps typically operate at significant suction pressures and the ‘head’ or
differential pressure is low (2 to 3 bar). Seal chamber is at DP.
•
Check if it is 2 stage. In ‘Pump language’, ‘Multistage’ means 3 stages or
more!
© John Crane
5. Centrifugal Pumps –OH2
Horizontal, overhung, flexibly coupled, centreline-mounted – OH2
- 2-stage design
Sulzer Ahlstom APP
Seal chamber pressure =
1
st
Stage DP + (10% 2
nd
Stage
Differential Pressure)
Typical pumping
applications include pulp
& paper and general
applications.
5. Centrifugal Pumps –OH2
Horizontal, overhung, flexibly coupled, centreline-mounted – OH2
- 2-stage design
Sulzer Ahlstom APP
Seal chamber pressure =
1
st
Stage DP + (10% 2
nd
Stage
Differential Pressure)
Typical pumping
applications include pulp
& paper and general
applications.
© John Crane
5. Centrifugal Pumps –OH3 Overhung, Vertical, In-Line, bearing frame Pump (OH3)
Sulzer OHV Pump
Typical pumping applications include
refineries, oil & gas production, pipeline
boosting and offshore applications.
5. Centrifugal Pumps –OH3 Overhung, Vertical, In-Line, bearing frame Pump (OH3)
Sulzer OHV Pump
Typical pumping applications include
refineries, oil & gas production, pipeline
boosting and offshore applications.
© John Crane
5. Centrifugal Pumps –OH3 ƒSeal Chamber Pressure as for OH2
ƒOften fitted with Plan 13 which may
reduce the pressure even closer to
Suction pressure
ƒBe careful of 2 stage designs
5. Centrifugal Pumps –OH3 ƒSeal Chamber Pressure as for OH2
ƒOften fitted with Plan 13 which may
reduce the pressure even closer to
Suction pressure
ƒBe careful of 2 stage designs
© John Crane
5. Centrifugal Pumps –OH4 Overhung, Vertical, In-Line, Rigidly Coupled Pump (OH4)
- Not commonly used
Flowserve OH4 Pump
Double Suction impeller
Typical pumping
applications include
flammable liquids,
fuel, petroleum,
petrochemicals,
light oils, hydrocarbon
booster, water and
general applications.
5. Centrifugal Pumps –OH4 Overhung, Vertical, In-Line, Rigidly Coupled Pump (OH4)
- Not commonly used
Flowserve OH4 Pump
Double Suction impeller
Typical pumping
applications include
flammable liquids,
fuel, petroleum,
petrochemicals,
light oils, hydrocarbon
booster, water and
general applications.
© John Crane
5. Centrifugal Pumps –OH5 Overhung, In-Line, Vertical, Close-coupled Pump (OH5)
A Shell preference DEP pump
5. Centrifugal Pumps –OH5 Overhung, In-Line, Vertical, Close-coupled Pump (OH5)
A Shell preference DEP pump
© John Crane
5. Centrifugal Pumps –OH5 Overhung, In-Line, Vertical, Close-coupled Pump (OH5)
ƒSeal Chamber Pressure as for OH2
ƒOften fitted with Plan 13 which may reduce t he pressure even closer to Suction
pressure
ƒBe careful of 2 stage designs!
Flowserve OH5 Pump
Seal Chamber Pressure
= Suction + (50% Differential Pressure)
5. Centrifugal Pumps –OH5 Overhung, In-Line, Vertical, Close-coupled Pump (OH5)
ƒSeal Chamber Pressure as for OH2
ƒOften fitted with Plan 13 which may reduce t he pressure even closer to Suction
pressure
ƒBe careful of 2 stage designs!
Flowserve OH5 Pump
Seal Chamber Pressure
= Suction + (50% Differential Pressure)
© John Crane
Multistage pumps - a ‘between bearings’ configuration:
A multistage pump is an example of a between bearingsdesign, where the shaft
and impellers are supported on 2 sets of bearings, one at either end of the pump:
This is in contrast to an overhung design commonly used on many single-stage pumps,
where the shaft and impeller are supported on only one side, and overhang as a
cantilever. However with multiple impellers a shaft support is needed at both ends.
The 2 ends of a multistage pump are generally referred to as the drive end DE(i.e. the
motor & coupling end of the shaft) and the non-drive end NDE respectively.
bearings
multiple impellers
shaft supports (bearings)
5. Centrifugal Pumps -Multistage
Multistage pumps - a ‘between bearings’ configuration:
A multistage pump is an example of a between bearingsdesign, where the shaft
and impellers are supported on 2 sets of bearings, one at either end of the pump:
This is in contrast to an overhung design commonly used on many single-stage pumps,
where the shaft and impeller are supported on only one side, and overhang as a
cantilever. However with multiple impellers a shaft support is needed at both ends.
The 2 ends of a multistage pump are generally referred to as the drive end DE(i.e. the
motor & coupling end of the shaft) and the non-drive end NDE respectively.
bearings
multiple impellers
shaft supports (bearings)
5. Centrifugal Pumps -Multistage
© John Crane
Horizontal split casing pumps:
Horizontal split casing pumps are versatile designs, found in a wide
variety of applications such as:
•water supply schemes
•irrigation
•industrial water supply
•oil refineries
•chemical and fertilizer plants
•electricity boards
•mining etc.
5. Centrifugal Pumps –Horizontally Split
Horizontal split casing pumps:
Horizontal split casing pumps are versatile designs, found in a wide
variety of applications such as:
•water supply schemes
•irrigation
•industrial water supply
•oil refineries
•chemical and fertilizer plants
•electricity boards
•mining etc.
5. Centrifugal Pumps –Horizontally Split
© John Crane
Horizontal split casing pumps:
large axially split pumps used
on a hydropower project
(India)
hot water circulation pumps in a
district heating system
(China)
Examples of industrial applications fo r horizontal split casing pumps include:
5. Centrifugal Pumps –Horizontally Split
Horizontal split casing pumps:
large axially split pumps used
on a hydropower project
(India)
hot water circulation pumps in a
district heating system
(China)
Examples of industrial applications fo r horizontal split casing pumps include:
5. Centrifugal Pumps –Horizontally Split
© John Crane
Between Bearing, single stage, axially split (BB1) Pump
ƒNearly always supplied with a double suction (low NPSH with high Q)
Seal Chamber
Seal Chamber
Seal chamber pressure = Suction
pressure
Flowserve BB1 single stage Pump
5. Centrifugal Pumps –Axially Split BB1
Between Bearing, single stage, axially split (BB1) Pump
ƒNearly always supplied with a double suction (low NPSH with high Q)
Seal Chamber
Seal Chamber
Seal chamber pressure = Suction
pressure
Flowserve BB1 single stage Pump
5. Centrifugal Pumps –Axially Split BB1
© John Crane
Between Bearing, 2 stage, axially split (BB1) Pump
Flowserve BB1 2 stage Pump
Chamber Balance Line
Seal Chamber
Seal
Chamber
5. Centrifugal Pumps –Axially Split BB1
Between Bearing, 2 stage, axially split (BB1) Pump
Flowserve BB1 2 stage Pump
Chamber Balance Line
Seal Chamber
Seal
Chamber
5. Centrifugal Pumps –Axially Split BB1
© John Crane
Seal Chamber Pressure (2-stage BB1)
ƒSeal chamber on Suction end (Drive End) = Suction Pressure
ƒSeal chamber on Non-Drive end = Suction + (50% Differential Pressure)?
ƒIs a ‘balance line’ connected from the NDE Chamber back to the suction
pressure? If so both ends = Suction Pressure
ƒNot always done on a 2 stage pump, particularly those without a double suction
inlet impeller (already balanced axial thrust)!
ƒThe existence of a ‘balance line’ is NOT clear from the Pump Data Sheet
ƒRecommend always assume NO balance line fitted. i.e.
Seal chamber on Second stage end = Suction + (50% Differential Pressure) 5. Centrifugal Pumps –BB1
Seal Chamber Pressure (2-stage BB1)
ƒSeal chamber on Suction end (Drive End) = Suction Pressure
ƒSeal chamber on Non-Drive end = Suction + (50% Differential Pressure)?
ƒIs a ‘balance line’ connected from the NDE Chamber back to the suction
pressure? If so both ends = Suction Pressure
ƒNot always done on a 2 stage pump, particularly those without a double suction
inlet impeller (already balanced axial thrust)!
ƒThe existence of a ‘balance line’ is NOT clear from the Pump Data Sheet
ƒRecommend always assume NO balance line fitted. i.e.
Seal chamber on Second stage end = Suction + (50% Differential Pressure) 5. Centrifugal Pumps –BB1
© John Crane
Reducing axial thrust across the pump: Balance line: Another way of equalising pressure and balancing
axial loading across the pump casing is to use a
balance line. This type of design is also used in
multi-stage pumps.
The balance line consists of an external pipe,
connecting the high (discharge) side of the pump
back to the low (suction) side.
balance line
5. Centrifugal Pumps –Balance Lines
Reducing axial thrust across the pump: Balance line: Another way of equalising pressure and balancing
axial loading across the pump casing is to use a
balance line. This type of design is also used in
multi-stage pumps.
The balance line consists of an external pipe,
connecting the high (discharge) side of the pump
back to the low (suction) side.
balance line
5. Centrifugal Pumps –Balance Lines
© John Crane
Between Bearing, single stage, radially split (BB2) Pump
ƒNearly always supplied with a double suction
Seal
Chamber
Seal
Chamber
Sulzer BB2 Pump
Seal chamber pressure = Suction pressure
5. Centrifugal Pumps –RadiallySplit BB2
Typical pumping
applications include
hydrocarbon
processing.
Between Bearing, single stage, radially split (BB2) Pump
ƒNearly always supplied with a double suction
Seal
Chamber
Seal
Chamber
Sulzer BB2 Pump
Seal chamber pressure = Suction pressure
5. Centrifugal Pumps –RadiallySplit BB2
Typical pumping
applications include
hydrocarbon
processing.
© John Crane
Between Bearing, 2 stage, radially split (BB2) Pump
Balance Line
Seal chamber pressure
= Suction pressure
Sulzer BB2 2 stage pump
5. Centrifugal Pumps –RadiallySplit BB2
Between Bearing, 2 stage, radially split (BB2) Pump
Balance Line
Seal chamber pressure
= Suction pressure
Sulzer BB2 2 stage pump
5. Centrifugal Pumps –RadiallySplit BB2
© John Crane
Between Bearing, 2 stage, radially split (BB2) Pump
ƒFace to Face impellers
ƒAxial Force balanced
ƒNo rear wear rings or
balance holes
ƒBalance Line?
ƒSeal Chamber Pressure?
ƒBe very careful of BB1 &
BB2 seal chamber
pressure predictions
Flowserve BB2 2 stage Pump
Typical pumping applications include heavy
oil, boiler feed, oil / shale sands, hydraulic
press (metal), hydrocracking, hydrotreating,
acid transfer, industrial gases, catalytic
cracking, caustic and chor-alkali.
5. Centrifugal Pumps –RadiallySplit BB2
Between Bearing, 2 stage, radially split (BB2) Pump
ƒFace to Face impellers
ƒAxial Force balanced
ƒNo rear wear rings or
balance holes
ƒBalance Line?
ƒSeal Chamber Pressure?
ƒBe very careful of BB1 &
BB2 seal chamber
pressure predictions
Flowserve BB2 2 stage Pump
Typical pumping applications include heavy
oil, boiler feed, oil / shale sands, hydraulic
press (metal), hydrocracking, hydrotreating,
acid transfer, industrial gases, catalytic
cracking, caustic and chor-alkali.
5. Centrifugal Pumps –RadiallySplit BB2
© John Crane
Multistage, axially split Pumps (BB3)
ƒ4 stage back-to-back impellers
Sulzer BB3 Pump
Diffuser
Seal Chamber
5. Centrifugal Pumps –Axially Split BB3
Typical pumping applications
include refineries, petro-
chemicals, pipelines, water
injection and power generation
applications.
Multistage, axially split Pumps (BB3)
ƒ4 stage back-to-back impellers
Sulzer BB3 Pump
Diffuser
Seal Chamber
5. Centrifugal Pumps –Axially Split BB3
Typical pumping applications
include refineries, petro-
chemicals, pipelines, water
injection and power generation
applications.
© John Crane
Multistage, axially split Pumps (BB3)
ƒ9 stage ‘opposed’ or ‘back-to-back’ impellers
ƒSeal chamber pressure = Suction pressure on both ends
Sulzer BB3 Pump
Balance Line
Suction
Discharge
5. Centrifugal Pumps –Axially Split BB3
Multistage, axially split Pumps (BB3)
ƒ9 stage ‘opposed’ or ‘back-to-back’ impellers
ƒSeal chamber pressure = Suction pressure on both ends
Sulzer BB3 Pump
Balance Line
Suction
Discharge
5. Centrifugal Pumps –Axially Split BB3
© John Crane
Radially split / stage casing pumps:
Some pump designs have the pump body radially
split(vertically split) into individual stages. Each
stage is fitted with a diffuser guiding the flow into
the next stage, thereby increasing the pressure by
the head generated in each individual impeller.
These designs are sometimes also known as stage
casing pumps.
Pumps of this design normally have a very robust
construction, for use on high pressure services. The
pump casings are held together by tie-bolts, and all
impellers are dynamically balanced.
tie-bolts
5. Centrifugal Pumps –RadiallySplit Typical pumping applications include
water booster pumps, boiler feed
pumps and building services
Radially split / stage casing pumps:
Some pump designs have the pump body radially
split(vertically split) into individual stages. Each
stage is fitted with a diffuser guiding the flow into
the next stage, thereby increasing the pressure by
the head generated in each individual impeller.
These designs are sometimes also known as stage
casing pumps.
Pumps of this design normally have a very robust
construction, for use on high pressure services. The
pump casings are held together by tie-bolts, and all
impellers are dynamically balanced.
tie-bolts
5. Centrifugal Pumps –RadiallySplit Typical pumping applications include
water booster pumps, boiler feed
pumps and building services
© John Crane
Multistage, radially split Pumps, single casing (BB4)
ƒSometimes called ‘Ring Section’ or ‘Segmental Ring’ Pumps
ƒNon preferred by API 610/ISO 13709
ƒSeal Chamber pressure = Suction pressure if balance drumused to manage shaft
axial thrust
ƒBe careful if design uses a balance discto manage shaft axial thrust
•
Suction end seal chamber = Suction pressure
•
Other end seal chamber = Suction pressure + ?% Differential Pressure
5. Centrifugal Pumps –RadiallySplit BB4
Multistage, radially split Pumps, single casing (BB4)
ƒSometimes called ‘Ring Section’ or ‘Segmental Ring’ Pumps
ƒNon preferred by API 610/ISO 13709
ƒSeal Chamber pressure = Suction pressure if balance drumused to manage shaft
axial thrust
ƒBe careful if design uses a balance discto manage shaft axial thrust
•
Suction end seal chamber = Suction pressure
•
Other end seal chamber = Suction pressure + ?% Differential Pressure
5. Centrifugal Pumps –RadiallySplit BB4
© John Crane
Multistage, radially split Pumps, single casing (BB4)
Balance Drum
Seal chamber pressure (NDE & DE) = Suction
pressure
Flowserve BB4 8 stage Pump
Typical pumping applications
include desalination,
descaling, water supply /
distribution, crude, product
and CO
2
pipelines, ground-
water development /
distribution, irrigation and
water treatment.
5. Centrifugal Pumps –RadiallySplit BB4
Multistage, radially split Pumps, single casing (BB4)
Balance Drum
Seal chamber pressure (NDE & DE) = Suction
pressure
Flowserve BB4 8 stage Pump
Typical pumping applications
include desalination,
descaling, water supply /
distribution, crude, product
and CO
2
pipelines, ground-
water development /
distribution, irrigation and
water treatment.
5. Centrifugal Pumps –RadiallySplit BB4
© John Crane
Multistage, radially split Pumps, single casing (BB4)
Flowserve BB4 4 stage Pump
Balance Disc
Seal chamber pressure (DE) = Suction pressure
Seal chamber pressure (NDE) = Suction pressure
+ ?%Pressure
Typical pumping applications
include water supply /
distribution, desalination, mining
dewatering / supply,
groundwater development
and irrigation applications.
5. Centrifugal Pumps –RadiallySplit BB4
Multistage, radially split Pumps, single casing (BB4)
Flowserve BB4 4 stage Pump
Balance Disc
Seal chamber pressure (DE) = Suction pressure
Seal chamber pressure (NDE) = Suction pressure
+ ?%Pressure
Typical pumping applications
include water supply /
distribution, desalination, mining
dewatering / supply,
groundwater development
and irrigation applications.
5. Centrifugal Pumps –RadiallySplit BB4
© John Crane
Multistage, radially split Pumps, double casing (BB5)
ƒSometimes referred to as, ‘Barrel Casing’ Pumps
ƒEliminates the potential leak path between each stage segment
Balance Drum
Sulzer BB5 Pump
Typical pumping applications
include oil production, refining,
and boiler feed applications. 5. Centrifugal Pumps –RadiallySplit BB5
Multistage, radially split Pumps, double casing (BB5)
ƒSometimes referred to as, ‘Barrel Casing’ Pumps
ƒEliminates the potential leak path between each stage segment
Balance Drum
Sulzer BB5 Pump
Typical pumping applications
include oil production, refining,
and boiler feed applications. 5. Centrifugal Pumps –RadiallySplit BB5
© John Crane
ƒShaft axial thrust imbalance designs as for single
casing BB4 pumps
ƒNote the Pump Data Sheet rarely indicates the use
of a throat bushing, balance drum or disc
ƒNormally suction inlet on DE & Seal Chamber
pressure = Suction pressure
ƒNDE Seal Chamber pressure with balance drum =
Suction pressure
ƒNDE Seal Chamber pressure with balance disc =
Suction pressure + ?%Differential Pressure
ƒWear of drum and disc increases NDE Seal
Chamber pressure; discuss with OEM the
tolerance range.
•
Applies to both BB4 and BB5.
Weir FK BB5 Pump
Multistage, radially split Pumps, double casing (BB5)
Typical pumping applications include sea water injection,
produced water injection, main oil lines, condensate
export, boiler feed, power plant and refinery applications. 5. Centrifugal Pumps –RadiallySplit BB5
ƒShaft axial thrust imbalance designs as for single
casing BB4 pumps
ƒNote the Pump Data Sheet rarely indicates the use
of a throat bushing, balance drum or disc
ƒNormally suction inlet on DE & Seal Chamber
pressure = Suction pressure
ƒNDE Seal Chamber pressure with balance drum =
Suction pressure
ƒNDE Seal Chamber pressure with balance disc =
Suction pressure + ?%Differential Pressure
ƒWear of drum and disc increases NDE Seal
Chamber pressure; discuss with OEM the
tolerance range.
•
Applies to both BB4 and BB5.
Weir FK BB5 Pump
Multistage, radially split Pumps, double casing (BB5)
Typical pumping applications include sea water injection,
produced water injection, main oil lines, condensate
export, boiler feed, power plant and refinery applications. 5. Centrifugal Pumps –RadiallySplit BB5
© John Crane
Vertically Suspended, Single Casing, Column Discharge
ƒDiffuser design (VS1)
ƒ‘Wet Pit’ Pump Flowserve VS1 Pump
5. Centrifugal Pumps –Vertically Suspended VS1
Vertically Suspended, Single Casing, Column Discharge
ƒDiffuser design (VS1)
ƒ‘Wet Pit’ Pump Flowserve VS1 Pump
5. Centrifugal Pumps –Vertically Suspended VS1
© John Crane
Vertically Suspended, Single Casing, Column Discharge
- Diffuser design (VS1)
ƒSeal Chamber pressure = Discharge
pressure
Flowserve VS1 Pumps
Typical pumping
applications include
chemical / petrochemical,
liquefied gas pipeline /
transfer service, offshore
crude oil loading,
lubricating oil,
condensate extraction,
seawater lift,
stormwater / drainwater
services, recovered oil,
and tank services.
5. Centrifugal Pumps –Vertically Suspended VS1
Vertically Suspended, Single Casing, Column Discharge
- Diffuser design (VS1)
ƒSeal Chamber pressure = Discharge
pressure
Flowserve VS1 Pumps
Typical pumping
applications include
chemical / petrochemical,
liquefied gas pipeline /
transfer service, offshore
crude oil loading,
lubricating oil,
condensate extraction,
seawater lift,
stormwater / drainwater
services, recovered oil,
and tank services.
5. Centrifugal Pumps –Vertically Suspended VS1
© John Crane
Vertically Suspended, Single Casing, Column discharge
- Volute design (VS2)
ƒLimited number of stages
ƒSeal Chamber pressure = Discharge pressure
Flowserve VS2 Pump
Typical pumping applications include raw water intake,
freshwater supply / distribution, irrigation, fire protection,
condensate extraction, heater drainage, transfer, loading
and unloading, steel mill cooling and quench services,
mine dewatering and acid leaching, brine recirculation
and MSF desalination blowdown. 5. Centrifugal Pumps –Vertically Suspended VS2
Vertically Suspended, Single Casing, Column discharge
- Volute design (VS2)
ƒLimited number of stages
ƒSeal Chamber pressure = Discharge pressure
Flowserve VS2 Pump
Typical pumping applications include raw water intake,
freshwater supply / distribution, irrigation, fire protection,
condensate extraction, heater drainage, transfer, loading
and unloading, steel mill cooling and quench services,
mine dewatering and acid leaching, brine recirculation
and MSF desalination blowdown. 5. Centrifugal Pumps –Vertically Suspended VS2
© John Crane
Vertically Suspended, Single Casing, Column discharge
- Axial Flow design (VS3)
ƒLimited number of stages
ƒSeal Chamber pressure = Discharge pressure
Flowserve VS3 Pump
Typical pumping applications include
water treatment, agriculture, power
plant cooling water, mine dewatering
and supply and groundwater,
development / irrigation.
5. Centrifugal Pumps –Vertically Suspended VS3
Vertically Suspended, Single Casing, Column discharge
- Axial Flow design (VS3)
ƒLimited number of stages
ƒSeal Chamber pressure = Discharge pressure
Flowserve VS3 Pump
Typical pumping applications include
water treatment, agriculture, power
plant cooling water, mine dewatering
and supply and groundwater,
development / irrigation.
5. Centrifugal Pumps –Vertically Suspended VS3
© John Crane
Vertically Suspended, Single Casing, Sump discharge
- Line-shaft design (VS4)
ƒ‘Sump’ Pump
5. Centrifugal Pumps –Vertically Suspended VS4
Vertically Suspended, Single Casing, Sump discharge
- Line-shaft design (VS4)
ƒ‘Sump’ Pump
5. Centrifugal Pumps –Vertically Suspended VS4
© John Crane
Vertically Suspended, Single Casing, Sump discharge
- Cantilever design (VS5)
ƒ‘Sump’ Pump5. Centrifugal Pumps –Vertically Suspended VS5
Vertically Suspended, Single Casing, Sump discharge
- Cantilever design (VS5)
ƒ‘Sump’ Pump5. Centrifugal Pumps –Vertically Suspended VS5
© John Crane
Vertically Suspended, Single Casing, Sump discharge
- VS4 & VS5
ƒLiquid level in column same us sump
ƒSeal Chamber in air or inert gas in sump
ƒSeal Chamber at Atmospheric pressure
Typical pumping applications include flood
control, groundwater development/irrigation,
water supply/treatment for oil and gas, molten
salt transfer, waste water treatment, heavy oil
and oil sands and shale.
5. Centrifugal Pumps –Vertically Suspended VS4 & VS5
Vertically Suspended, Single Casing, Sump discharge
- VS4 & VS5
ƒLiquid level in column same us sump
ƒSeal Chamber in air or inert gas in sump
ƒSeal Chamber at Atmospheric pressure
Typical pumping applications include flood
control, groundwater development/irrigation,
water supply/treatment for oil and gas, molten
salt transfer, waste water treatment, heavy oil
and oil sands and shale.
5. Centrifugal Pumps –Vertically Suspended VS4 & VS5
© John Crane
Vertically Suspended, Double Casing Pump
- Diffuser design (VS6)
ƒLow margin from VP at Suction (low NPSHA)
ƒSmall footprint
Balance
Chamber
Seal Chamber
Balance Drum
Typical pumping
applications include
hydrocarbon booster,
transfer pipeline
booster, chemical /
petrochemical
transfer, condensate,
brine injection, crude
oil loading,
condensate
extraction and
cryogenic services.
5. Centrifugal Pumps –Vertically Suspended VS6
Vertically Suspended, Double Casing Pump
- Diffuser design (VS6)
ƒLow margin from VP at Suction (low NPSHA)
ƒSmall footprint
Balance
Chamber
Seal Chamber
Balance Drum
Typical pumping
applications include
hydrocarbon booster,
transfer pipeline
booster, chemical /
petrochemical
transfer, condensate,
brine injection, crude
oil loading,
condensate
extraction and
cryogenic services.
5. Centrifugal Pumps –Vertically Suspended VS6
© John Crane
Vertically Suspended, Double Casing Pump
- Diffuser design (VS6)
ƒShaft in Discharge Line
ƒBe careful estimating Seal Chamber pressure!
ƒSeal chamber at Discharge Pressure (Plan13)
Or alternatively:
•
‘Leak-off’ design from throat bushing to
lower Seal Chamber pressure
•
Balance drum design
•
Seal Chamber at Suction pressure
•
Plan 11 or 14
ƒNo clarity of design in Pump Data Sheet
Typical pumping
applications include
cryogenic applications
handling such
chemicals as
ammonia, ethylene,
propylene, LPG / LNG,
methane and butane.
5. Centrifugal Pumps –Vertically Suspended VS6
Vertically Suspended, Double Casing Pump
- Diffuser design (VS6)
ƒShaft in Discharge Line
ƒBe careful estimating Seal Chamber pressure!
ƒSeal chamber at Discharge Pressure (Plan13)
Or alternatively:
•
‘Leak-off’ design from throat bushing to
lower Seal Chamber pressure
•
Balance drum design
•
Seal Chamber at Suction pressure
•
Plan 11 or 14
ƒNo clarity of design in Pump Data Sheet
Typical pumping
applications include
cryogenic applications
handling such
chemicals as
ammonia, ethylene,
propylene, LPG / LNG,
methane and butane.
5. Centrifugal Pumps –Vertically Suspended VS6
© John Crane
Positive Displacement Pumps
Gear Pump
Internal
Gear
External
Gear
Screw Pump
Screw
Pump
Archimedian
Screw Pump
Progressing
Cavity Pump
Vane Pump
Flexible
Vane Pump
Sliding
Vane Pump
Liquid Ring
Pump
Lobe Pump
Rotary
Non-Rotary
Sealless rotary PD
Pump designs
6. Positive Displacement Pumps Classifications of positive displacement pumps include:
Positive Displacement Pumps
Gear Pump
Internal
Gear
External
Gear
Screw Pump
Screw
Pump
Archimedian
Screw Pump
Progressing
Cavity Pump
Vane Pump
Flexible
Vane Pump
Sliding
Vane Pump
Liquid Ring
Pump
Lobe Pump
Rotary
Non-Rotary
Sealless rotary PD
Pump designs
6. Positive Displacement Pumps Classifications of positive displacement pumps include:
© John Crane
Seal Chamber Pressure in Rotary Positive Displacement Pumps:
ƒEvaluate the pressure conditions at t he process entrance to the Seal Chamber
ƒIs there a process flush to the seal (Plan 01, 11, 12, 14, 21, 22, 31, 32, 41)?
ƒIs there a process flow from the seal chamber (Plan 13, 14)?
ƒIs this flow liable to affect the seal chamber pressure? 6. Positive Displacement Pumps
Seal Chamber Pressure in Rotary Positive Displacement Pumps:
ƒEvaluate the pressure conditions at t he process entrance to the Seal Chamber
ƒIs there a process flush to the seal (Plan 01, 11, 12, 14, 21, 22, 31, 32, 41)?
ƒIs there a process flow from the seal chamber (Plan 13, 14)?
ƒIs this flow liable to affect the seal chamber pressure? 6. Positive Displacement Pumps
© John Crane
A positive displacement pump has a cavity or cavities which are alternately filled
and emptied by the pump action, causing fluid to move in a forward-only fashion.
There is an expanding cavity on the suction side of the pump, and a decreasing
cavity on the discharge side.
Liquid is allowed to flow into the pump as the cavity on the suction side expands,
and the liquid is then forced out of the discharge as the cavity collapses.
Positive displacement pumps all operate on similar working principles, but are
generally classified into reciprocatingand rotarydesigns. Types of positive
displacement pump design include:
•rotary lobe
•gear within a gear
•reciprocating piston
•screw
•progressive cavity etc.
Unlike a centrifugal pump, a positive displacement pump will produce the same
flow at a given speed, no matter what the discharge pressure is.6. Positive Displacement Pumps
A positive displacement pump has a cavity or cavities which are alternately filled
and emptied by the pump action, causing fluid to move in a forward-only fashion.
There is an expanding cavity on the suction side of the pump, and a decreasing
cavity on the discharge side.
Liquid is allowed to flow into the pump as the cavity on the suction side expands,
and the liquid is then forced out of the discharge as the cavity collapses.
Positive displacement pumps all operate on similar working principles, but are
generally classified into reciprocatingand rotarydesigns. Types of positive
displacement pump design include:
•rotary lobe
•gear within a gear
•reciprocating piston
•screw
•progressive cavity etc.
Unlike a centrifugal pump, a positive displacement pump will produce the same
flow at a given speed, no matter what the discharge pressure is.6. Positive Displacement Pumps
© John Crane
Rotary Positive displacement pump: Archimedian Screw Pump
Seal Chamber – atmospheric air
• Seal required?
Image: math.nyu.edu
SeaWorld Adventure Park (San Diego, CA)
Typical pumping applications
include raw and treated sewage
effluent, land drainage and
irrigation. 6. Positive Displacement Pumps
Rotary Positive displacement pump: Archimedian Screw Pump
Seal Chamber – atmospheric air
• Seal required?
Image: math.nyu.edu
SeaWorld Adventure Park (San Diego, CA)
Typical pumping applications
include raw and treated sewage
effluent, land drainage and
irrigation. 6. Positive Displacement Pumps
© John Crane
Rotary Positive displacement pump: Progressing Cavity Screw Pump
Mono Compact C
Seal Chamber
Seal Chamber = Suction Pressure
• Can be Discharge Pressure if run
backwards!
Typical pumping
applications include high
viscosity lotions / pastes
and sewage sludge etc.
6. Positive Displacement Pumps
Rotary Positive displacement pump: Progressing Cavity Screw Pump
Mono Compact C
Seal Chamber
Seal Chamber = Suction Pressure
• Can be Discharge Pressure if run
backwards!
Typical pumping
applications include high
viscosity lotions / pastes
and sewage sludge etc.
6. Positive Displacement Pumps
© John Crane
Rotary Positive displacement pump: Screw Pump
Seal Chamber – Suction Pressure
Warren Imo Screw Pump
Typical pumping applications include lubrication oils and clean products.
6. Positive Displacement Pumps
Rotary Positive displacement pump: Screw Pump
Seal Chamber – Suction Pressure
Warren Imo Screw Pump
Typical pumping applications include lubrication oils and clean products.
6. Positive Displacement Pumps
© John Crane
Rotary Positive displacement pump: Internal Gear Pump
Albany HD Gear
Pump
Seal Chamber = [Suction Pressure + (Differential
Pressure/2)]??
Typical pumping applications include
lubrication oils and clean products.
6. Positive Displacement Pumps
Rotary Positive displacement pump: Internal Gear Pump
Albany HD Gear
Pump
Seal Chamber = [Suction Pressure + (Differential
Pressure/2)]??
Typical pumping applications include
lubrication oils and clean products.
6. Positive Displacement Pumps
© John Crane
Rotary Positive displacement pump: External Gear Pump
Seal Chamber
Seal Chamber
– [Suction Pressure + (Differential
Pressure/2)]??
Image: Viking Pump Inc
6. Positive Displacement Pumps
Rotary Positive displacement pump: External Gear Pump
Seal Chamber
Seal Chamber
– [Suction Pressure + (Differential
Pressure/2)]??
Image: Viking Pump Inc
6. Positive Displacement Pumps
© John Crane
Rotary Positive displacement pump: Lobe Pump
Outlet Outlet Inlet Inlet
Seal Chamber (2 off)
Typical pumping
applications include
hygienic materials,
food production
and pharmaceutical
applications
6. Positive Displacement Pumps
Rotary Positive displacement pump: Lobe Pump
Outlet Outlet Inlet Inlet
Seal Chamber (2 off)
Typical pumping
applications include
hygienic materials,
food production
and pharmaceutical
applications
6. Positive Displacement Pumps
© John CraneSeal
Seal
Chamber
Seal Chamber Pressure = [Suction Pressure + (80%
Differential Pressure)]
• Careful of pulsations!
6. Positive Displacement Pumps
Rotary Positive displacement pump: Lobe Pump
Seal
Chamber
Seal Chamber Pressure = [Suction Pressure + (80%
Differential Pressure)]
• Careful of pulsations!
6. Positive Displacement Pumps
Rotary Positive displacement pump: Lobe Pump
© John Crane
Rotary Positive displacement pump
– Flexible & Sliding Vane Pump
Image: Viking Pump Inc
Clarksol Flexible Vane Pump
Seal Chamber
– [Suction Pressure +
(Differential Pressure/2)]??
Image: Blackmer Sliding Vane Pump
Seal Chamber
Typical pumping
applications include
liquids with poor
lubricating qualities and
food handling
applications
6. Positive Displacement Pumps
Rotary Positive displacement pump
– Flexible & Sliding Vane Pump
Image: Viking Pump Inc
Clarksol Flexible Vane Pump
Seal Chamber
– [Suction Pressure +
(Differential Pressure/2)]??
Image: Blackmer Sliding Vane Pump
Seal Chamber
Typical pumping
applications include
liquids with poor
lubricating qualities and
food handling
applications
6. Positive Displacement Pumps
© John Crane
Rotary Positive displacement pump: Liquid Ring Vacuum Pumps
Graham 2-stage liquid ring vacuum pump
6. Positive Displacement Pumps
Rotary Positive displacement pump: Liquid Ring Vacuum Pumps
Graham 2-stage liquid ring vacuum pump
6. Positive Displacement Pumps
© John Crane
ƒLiquid for liquid ring (normally water) continually injected into the impeller cavity
and the seal chamber (Plan 32)
ƒInjection pressure usually known but sourced from discharge separator
ƒAssume seal chamber is discharge pressure
ƒStatically the chamber may be full vacuum
Typical pumping applications include
forming pulp & paper products, e.g. egg
boxes / packaging, petroleum refining,
e.g. vacuum distillation.
6. Positive Displacement Pumps
Rotary Positive displacement pump: Liquid Ring Vacuum Pumps
ƒLiquid for liquid ring (normally water) continually injected into the impeller cavity
and the seal chamber (Plan 32)
ƒInjection pressure usually known but sourced from discharge separator
ƒAssume seal chamber is discharge pressure
ƒStatically the chamber may be full vacuum
Typical pumping applications include
forming pulp & paper products, e.g. egg
boxes / packaging, petroleum refining,
e.g. vacuum distillation.
6. Positive Displacement Pumps
Rotary Positive displacement pump: Liquid Ring Vacuum Pumps
© John Crane
True False
Fluid is mechanically displaced in a Kinetic or dynamic pump?
An impeller will impart kinetic energy to a fluid?
Centrifugal pump types are classified in API 610/ISO 13709?
Impellers can be classed as open, semi-open and closed?
A sliding vane pump is a type of dynamic pump?
Progressing cavity pumps can be run in reverse?
A screw pump is ideal for pumping raw sewage?
A positive displacement pump will produce the same flow at a
given speed, no matter what the discharge pressure is?
Can you answer the questions below?
Exercise
True False
Fluid is mechanically displaced in a Kinetic or dynamic pump?
An impeller will impart kinetic energy to a fluid?
Centrifugal pump types are classified in API 610/ISO 13709?
Impellers can be classed as open, semi-open and closed?
A sliding vane pump is a type of dynamic pump?
Progressing cavity pumps can be run in reverse?
A screw pump is ideal for pumping raw sewage?
A positive displacement pump will produce the same flow at a
given speed, no matter what the discharge pressure is?
Can you answer the questions below?
Exercise
© John Crane
ƒThere is a huge range of rotating equipment used in process industries,
e.g. pumps, compressors, turbines, mixers and fans etc.
ƒRotating equipment operates in different ways to do work to a liquid or gas,
transferring energy from the driving to the driven machine
ƒThe equipment data sheet will identify t he equipment type and its design / operating
criteria
ƒThe equipment data sheet can also be used to aid seal selection
ƒFor effective and reliable performance the sealing solution must integrate with the
equipment design 7. Summary / Conclusion
ƒThere is a huge range of rotating equipment used in process industries,
e.g. pumps, compressors, turbines, mixers and fans etc.
ƒRotating equipment operates in different ways to do work to a liquid or gas,
transferring energy from the driving to the driven machine
ƒThe equipment data sheet will identify t he equipment type and its design / operating
criteria
ƒThe equipment data sheet can also be used to aid seal selection
ƒFor effective and reliable performance the sealing solution must integrate with the
equipment design 7. Summary / Conclusion
© John Crane
Further Information Further learning on this topic can be found in the relevant Know-How curriculum:
Pump Principles
Further Information Further learning on this topic can be found in the relevant Know-How curriculum:
Pump Principles
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