Overview on Vaccine, Immunity, Types of Immunity and Immunisation

Overview of vaccines, types of immunity and immunization introduction, Response of Vaccine In Body, Antigen , Antibody, Composition Of �Vaccines, �History of Vaccine, Types of Vaccine, Live attenuated vaccine (LAV), Inactivated vaccine (Killed vaccine), Subunit vaccine (Purified antigen), Toxoid vaccine (Inactivated Toxoid), Ideal characteristics of vaccine, On the basis of components vaccine are also divided, Immunity, Types of Immunity, Non-specific,Specific Immunity, Difference between Active and Passive Immunity.

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1. OVERVIEW OF VACCINES,
TYPES OF IMMUNITY AND
IMMUNIZATION
Presented By
Ms. Monika P. Maske
Assistant Professor
M. Pharm
(Pharmaceutical Chemistry)
Ms. M. P. Maske
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2. Introduction
•Thevaccinedefinedaspharmaceuticalsuspensionorsolutionof
immunogenicsubstanceorcompoundthatisintendedtoinduce
activeimmunity.
•Thevaccinetermisappliedtoalltheagentsofactiveimmunisation
andtheprocessisknownasvaccination.
•Thetermvaccineappliestoallbiologicalpreparations,produced
fromlivingorganisms,thatenhanceimmunityagainstdisease
eitherpreventortreatdiseases.
•Vaccineareadministeredinliquidformbyinjection,oral,byintra-
nasalroutes.
Ms. M. P. Maske
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3. Response of
Vaccine In
Body
•Primaryresponse:Duringthevaccination,vaccineareinjectedin
thebody,itbehavesasaantigenorforeignsubstancetothebody,
soourbodyworkagainstthissubstancesandproducedthe
antibodiescreateaimmunitythisisknownasprimaryresponse
againstdisease.
•Secondaryresponse:Afterthatimmunityisdevelopedandstored
inthememorycellsofthebrainregardingtotheprevious
infections.
•Infutureanysimilarinfectionsarecausethenourimmunesystem
giverapidresponseandfightagainstdiseasethisisknownas
secondaryresponsebyproducingantibodies.
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4. •Vaccinesplayamajorroleinprophylacticandtherapeuticroleinmany
disease.
•Antigen:Antigenarethosesubstancesthatstimulatetheimmune
systemtoproduceantibodies(protectivebody).Itbehaveslikeforeign
particleslikebacteria,virusforrecipientbodyandcauseundesirable
changes,thenrecipientbodyprotectsitselfbyproducingtheantibodies.
•Antibody:Antibodyistheproteinaceousprotectivemodification
producedbytheimmunesysteminresponsetothepresenceofthe
foreignsubstanceslikebacteria,virusesandneutralizetheiractivities.
•Itisalsocalledimmunoglobulinandeachmoleculecontainsfour
peptidechains,twosmallcalledlightchainsandtwoheavychain/longer
chain(H2L2).
Ms. M. P. Maske
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5. Composition
Of
Vaccines
•Bulkantigen(maincomponent)ofvaccinemixedwithother
fluidslikewater,saline,additivesorpreservativesand
sometimesadjuvantstheseadditionalsubstanceknowna
excipients.
•Vaccinesareusuallyformulatedasliquids,freezeproperly.
•Preservativesensurethesterilityofthevaccine.
•Theyusedtopreventcontaminationofmulti-dosecontainers.
•Sometimespreservativesareaddedduringmanufacturingto
preventmicrobialcontamination.
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6. History of
Vaccine
•DiscoveryofImmunesystem:
EdwardJenner(1749-1823)-
Edwardwascreatingtheconceptofvaccinesand
formulatedthesmallpoxvaccine.
•AfterthatLouisPasteur(1878)discoveredthe
rabiesandanthraxvaccine.
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7. Types of Vaccine
Ms. M. P. Maske
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•Therearefourtypesofvaccines,categorizedbytheantigen(inactivemicrobes,toxins,
surfaceprotein)usedintheirpreparation.

8. 1.Live
attenuated
vaccine
(LAV)
1.Liveattenuatedvaccine(LAV):
Liveattenuatedvaccines(LAV)ispreparedby
pathogens(virusorbacteria)whichcausestheinfectionsor
disease,thathavebeenweakenedunderlaboratorycondition.
•Livemicroorganismsprovidecontinualantigenicstimulation
givingsufficienttimeformemorycellproduction.
•Duetotheirweakactivityitcausenoorverymilddisease.
•Example:Tuberculosis(BCG),Oralpoliovaccine(OPV),
Measles,Rotavirus,Yellowfever.
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9. 2.
Inactivate
d vaccine
(Killed
vaccine)
2.Inactivatedvaccine(Killedvaccine):
Inactivatedvaccinesarepreparedbythemethodof
killingantigensthroughthephysicalorchemicalprocesses.
•Thesekilledorganismscannotcauseriskofinducingthe
diseaseandtheyarealsoconsideredmorestablethanLAV
vaccines.
•Example:Wholecellpertussis,Inactivatedpoliovirus
(IPV).
Ms. M. P. Maske
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10. 3. Subunit
vaccine
(Purified
antigen)
3.Subunitvaccine(Purifiedantigen):
Subunitvaccinescontainstheantigenicparts
(diseasecausingportion)ofantigen.
•Likeinactivatedvaccineitalsonotcontainsthelive
componentsofantigen,itisonlycontainstheantigenicparts
likesurfaceprotein,conjugatedchemicals,polysaccharide
etc.
•Example:Pertussis,influenzatypebPneumococcal,
HepatitisB.
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11. 4. Toxoid
vaccine
(Inactivated
Toxoid)
4.Toxoidvaccine(InactivatedToxoid):
Toxoidvaccinesarebasedonthetoxin
producedbycertainbacteria.
•Releasedtoxinisusedtopreparethevaccineandtheseparts
arenecessarytoelicitaprotectiveimmuneresponseand
produceantibody.
•Example:TetanusToxoid(TT),DiphtheriaToxoid.
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12. Ideal
characteristics
of
vaccine
•Notcauseanyallergicreaction.
•Easilyadministrablewithoutanyharm.
•Easytostorenotshowsanyincompatibilitywith
storagematerials.
•Easilyavailableandloweconomicvalue.
•Notcauseanydiseaseconditionandrapidlyproduces
antibodyeffects.
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13. On the
basis of
component
s vaccine
are also
divided
•Monovalentvaccine:Amonovalentvaccinecontainsasinglestrainof
diseasecausingspecificantigen.
Example:Measlesvaccine
•Polyvalentvaccine:Itcontainstwoormorestrains/serotypesof
diseasecausingspecificantigen.
Example:OralPolioVaccine(OPV)
•Combinationvaccine:Incombinationvaccinemanyantigenare
combinedinthesingleinjectionthatcanpreventdifferentdiseasesor
thatprotectagainstmultiplestrainsofinfectiousagentscausingthe
samedisease.
Example:CombinationvaccineDPT(Diphtheria,Pertussisand
Tetanusantigens)
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14. Ms. M. P. Maske
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15. Ms. M. P. Maske
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16. Immunity
•Immunity:
Immunityisdefineastheabilityofimmune
systemtoproducetheimmuneresponseagainstthedisease
causingorganismslikebacteria,virus,fungus,andother
foreignagent.
•Thedefensemechanismofbodymaybedividedintotwo
form,
1.Non-specific/Innate/Neutralimmunity
2.Specific/Acquired/Adaptiveimmunity
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17. Immunity
Non-
specific/Innate/Natural
Immunity
Specific
Immunity
Racial
Immunity
Individual
Immunity
Specific/Acquired/A
daptive Immunity
Active
Immunity
Natural Active
Immunity
Artificial
Active
Immunity
Passive
Immunity
Natural
Passive
Immunity
Artificial
Passive
Immunity
Types of Immunity
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18. Non-specific :
•Itspresentineveryindividualfrombirth,affectedbygenetic
andmolecularstructureofthegene.
•SpeciesImmunity:Thistypeofimmunityfoundinall
membersofspecieslikemicrobesarepathogenictohumansbut
doesnotinfectanimals.
Exp:B.anthracisinfectshumansbutnotchickens.
•RacialImmunity:Inwhichvariousracesshowmarked
differencesintheirresistancetocertaininfectiousdiseases.
•IndividualImmunity:Itsfoundindifferentindividualsof
sameraceandspeciespossessingvariableresistanceagainst
infection.
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19. Innate
immunity
consists of
four types
of Barriers
1.Physicalbarriers:Theyareintheformofskinandmucous
membrane.
•Skinonourbodyisthemainbarrierwhichpreventsentryof
themicroorganisms.
•Mucuscoatingoftheepitheliumliningisalsoprovidethe
barrierandalsopreventsthemicrobesenteringinourbody.
•Itispresentinrespiratory,gastrointestinaltracts.
2.Chemicalbarriers:Theyareintheformofgastricand
digestiveenzymes.
•Tearsfromeyes–allpreventmicrobialgrowth
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20. 3.Cellularbarriers:
Certaintypeofleukocytes(WBC)ofour
bodylikepolymorpho-nuclearleukocytes(PMNL-
neutrophils)andmonocytesandnaturalkiller(typeof
lymphocytes)inthebloodaswellasmacrophagesin
tissuescanphagocytoseanddestroymicrobes.
4.Cytokinebarriers:
Virusinfectedcellssecreteproteins
calledinterferon’swhichprotectnon-infectedcellsfrom
furtherviralinfection.
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21. Specific
Immunity :
•It’sthesetofresponseswhichtheimmunesystemactivates
totargetspecificpathogens.
•ActiveImmunity:Theresistancedevelopedbyan
individualaftereffectivecontactwithanantigen.
•Naturalactiveimmunity:Immunityislonglasting.
Exp:Individualrecoveringfromchickenpoxinfection
acquirenaturalactiveimmunityagainstit.
•Artificialactiveimmunity:Involvesvaccinesthisare
preparationsoflive,killedmicroorganismsortoxoids.
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22. •PassiveImmunity:Theimmunityperformed
antibodiesagainstinfectiveagentsortoxins.
Exp:Anti-venomisusedincasesofsnakebites.
•Naturalpassiveimmunity:Thisisseenwhen
antibodiesaretransferredfrommothertofoetusand
protecttillitsownimmunesystemdevelopstofunction.
•Artificialpassiveimmunity:Thesechemicalsor
agentsareintroducedinthebodythroughparenteral
route.
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23. Sr. No. Active Immunity Passive Immunity
1 Its developed immunity. Its produced immunity.
2 Slow and long-lasting. Relatively fast and short-lived.
3 A booster dose, if required can be given to
Provide lifelong immunity.
A booster dose does not help in
maintaining immunity for long.
4 Antigen are administered. Antibodies are administered.
5 Given in long term prophylaxis. Given in short term prophylaxis.
6 Prevents a disease and is administered before
infection.
Administered after the subject has been
exposed to an infection.
Difference between Active and Passive Immunity
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24. Ms. M. P. Maske
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Thank You