P 01 Bee Morphology. pptx

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1. AEN 202 Practical # 1 Identification, morphology and structural adaptations of honey bee

2. SYSTEMATIC POSITION Order : Hymenoptera Suborder : Apocrita Family : Apidae HONEY BEE GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF HYMENOPTERA Hind wings smaller than forewings Hamulate wing coupling

3. GENERAL CHARCTERISTICS OF APOCRITA First abdominal segment is fused with the metathorax and called as propodeum Second abdominal segment is slender and called pedicel or petiole (waist) The portion of the abdomen beyond the pedicel is called gaster Ovipositor is modified as sting Larvae apodous , euceuphalous

4. CHARACTERISTICS OF APIDAE Basitarsus is flattenned

5. S . No . Common name Scientific name Remarks 1. 2. 3 . 4. 5 . Giant or Rock bee Indian Bee Italian Bee Little bee or dwarf bee Dammer bee or mosquito bee Apis dorsata Apis cerana indica Apis mellifera Apis florea Trigona ( Melipona ) iridipennis Not domesticated Domesticated Domesticated Not domesticated Not domesticated HONEY BEE SPECIES IN INDIA

6. S. No Characters Rock bee Little bee Indian bee Italian bee Dammer bee 1. Body size Largest Smaller Small Larger Smallest 2. Comb Single, fixed underneath a broad support Single, comb top encircles the branch completely Multiple, parallel in cavities Multiple, parallel in cavities Small, made of cerumen 3. Brood cell Drone and worker brood cells similar Drone cells larger than worker Drone brood cell cap with a central pore Drone brood cell cap with no pore Spherical with opening at the top 4. Temperament Most ferocious Not ferocious Less ferocious Not ferocious Not ferocious 5. Swarming tendency Migrates between plains and hills More More Less Less 6. Honey yield/ colony/ year 20 to 40 kg 0.5 to 1 Kg 3 to 5 Kg 25 to 30 Kg 0.1 Kg COMPARISION OF HONEY BEE SPECIES

7. Eyes One pair of compound eyes, holoptic (or) dichoptic Perceive form, blue, yellow, green and ultraviolet colour and movement Cannot distinguish red, grey and black colours Dorsal ocelli three, perceive light intensity MORPHOLOGY

8. MORPHOLOGY Antenna Geniculate type with long scape, short pedicel and 10 or 11 segmented flagellum Perceives smell, taste, water vapour , air pressure and temperature

9. MORPHOLOGY Chewing and lapping type of mouth parts   Chewing Unit : Consists of plate like labrum and blunt mandibles Mandibles not toothed, stumpy (short and thick) and protrude near the base of the lapping tongue Mandibles are helpful in pollen ingestion, wax moulding , carrying things and supporting the lapping unit while feeding and maintaining the flexed lapping tongue in position when not in use

10. MORPHOLOGY Chewing and lapping type of mouth parts   Lapping Unit : Galeae of maxillae, labial palpi and glossa of labium forms the lapping unit Galea is large, blade like and tapering towards the apex with concave inner surface Labial palp is four segmented Glossa is greatly elongated, flexible extensible with a spoon shaped tip called flabellun (or) bouton useful to lick the nectar

11. MORPHOLOGY Wings Forewings are larger than hindwings , wing venation reduced with hamulate type of wing coupling 15-25 hamuli present in the anterior margin of hindwing lock with anal fold present in the posterior margin of forewing

12. MORPHOLOGY Legs 3 pairs of foragial legs adapted for different functions Foreleg i ) Eyebrush : Hairs on tibia used to clean the pollen from eyes ii) Antenna cleaner : Consists of velum and antennal comb, used to clean antenna Velum - Clasp present at distal end of tibia Antennal comb - Notch lined with spines at the basal end of basitarsus iii)Pollen brush : Bristles at the basitarsus useful to collect pollen from anterior part of body

13. MORPHOLOGY Middle leg i) Pollen brush : Bristles on basitarsus , used to collect pollen from the middle part of the body and from fore leg ii) Spur : Present at the distal end of tibia, used to clean spiracles and wings and to loosen pollen packets from the pollen basket.

14. MORPHOLOGY Hind leg   i) Pollen basket ( Corbiculum ) Concavity on the outer surface of tibia lined with curved hairs, used to carry the pollens ii ) Pollen packer (Pollen press) Consists of pecten and auricle Pecten is a row of stout bristles present at the distal end of the tibia Auricle is a smalll plate fringed with hairs along the margin Pack pollen inside the pollen packet   iii)Pollen comb Ten transverse rows of stiff spines on the innerside of basitarsus Used in pollen collection from middle leg, removal of wax mirror

15. MORPHOLOGY Pretarsus   Consists of a pair of notched claws and a fleshy glandular pulvillus Claws give hold in rough surface Pulvillus helps to cling to smooth object  

16. MORPHOLOGY ABDOMEN   Six segments are visible First abdominal segment is fused with metathorax Consists of wax glands and sting

17. MORPHOLOGY Wax glands   Four pairs of wax glands are present in the ventral side of 4-7th abdominal segments Below each gland is a large oval shaped polished area called wax plate or wax mirror Wax is secreted as a liquid which hardens later to form flakes

18. MORPHOLOGY Sting   Modified ovipositor present in last abdominal segment of worker The shaft of sting consists of two barbed lancets and one stylet Bee venom is secreted from a pair of acid glands Three plates constitute the motor apparatus helpful in driving the sting into victims body. They are quadrate plate, triangular plate and oblong plate

19. LIFE HISTORY Honey bees are eusocial insects with 3 distinct castes Queen : Fertile female, only one queen in a normal colony Drones : Fertile males, few hundreds per colony Worker : Infertile female, few thousands per colony

20. S . No . Character Queen Worker Drone 1 Size Bigger Smaller Biggest 2 Head Smaller Smaller Larger 3 Colour Not dark Pale Darker 4 Compound eye i Type Dichoptic Dichoptic Holoptic ii. No. of ommatidia 4000 5000 8000 iii. Vision Power Good Better Best Morphological differences in Castes

21. S . No . Character Queen Worker Drone 5 No.of divisions in flagellum 10 10 11 6 Length of lapping tongue Short(3mm) Long(6mm) Short(4mm) 7 Wings Not extending upto the tip of abdomen Extend upto the tip of abdomen Largest, Not extending upto the tip of abdomen 8. Wing flexing Flexed neatly over the abdomen Not neatly flexed Not neatly flexed   9 Corbicula Absent Present Absent 10 Pollen press Absent Present Absent Morphological differences in Castes

22. S . No . Character Queen Worker Drone 11 Abdomen Elongated bulged Posteriorly pointed Broad and blunt i. Shape Triangular Triangular Rectangular ii No. of gaster segment 6 6 7 iii. Sting Slightly curved Straight Absent iv Barbs in lancet Few, very small Many, well developed Absent Morphological differences in Castes

23. S . No Character Queen Worker Drone   1 Gonads Ovaries well developed Ovaries poorly developed Testes present 2 Spermatheca Large Rudimentary Absent 3 Mandibular glands Very large, secrete queen substance Large, soften wax Absent 4 Pharyngeal glands Not developed Well developed, secrete royal jelly Not developed 5. Wax glands Absent Present Absent Internal differences in Bee Castes

24. S . No . Character Queen Worker Drone   1 Development Develops from fertilized egg Fertilized egg Unfertilized egg 2 Sex and fertility status Fertile female   Sterile female Fertile male 3 Brood cell i Location Bottom edge Surface of the hive Surface of the hive ii Shape Irregular Hexagonal Hexagonal iii. Size Largest Smaller Larger iv. Capping Present Flat cap Covex with central hole v. No/hive Few Several hundreds Several thousands Developmental variation in Bee Castes

25. S . N Character Queen Worker Drone   4. Larval duration 5 days 4 days 7 days 5 Larval food Royal jelly Royal jelly-2 days; Bee bread-2 days Royal jelly-3 days; Royal jelly+Bee bread 4 days 6. Feeding Fed by workers Self Feed by workers & feed on honey too 7. Pupal duration 7 days 11-12 days 13-14 days 8. Duties Egg laying, lead the swarm Cleaning, incubating, feeding, foraging and defense Fertilize queens 9. Longevity 2-2 1/2 yrs 3 months 60 days Developmental variation in Bee Castes

26. AEN 202 Practical # 1 ?