P2.B.10 Muscle and Contractionbbbbbb .pptx

Ayurveda, often referred to as the "science of life," is one of the world's oldest holistic healing systems, originating in India over 5,000 years ago. The word Ayurveda is derived from Sanskrit, with "Ayur" meaning life and "Veda" meaning knowledge or science. This ancient system of medicine encompasses a wide range of practices aimed at promoting physical, mental, and spiritual well-being.

### Historical Origins:

The roots of Ayurveda can be traced back to the ancient Indian scriptures known as the Vedas, particularly the Atharva Veda, which contains a wealth of information on health and healing. Over the centuries, Ayurveda evolved through the contributions of sages, physicians, and scholars, including Charaka, Sushruta, and Vagbhata, whose texts continue to serve as foundational sources of Ayurvedic knowledge.

### Principles of Ayurveda:

At the core of Ayurveda are the principles of balance and harmony. According to this system, each individual is unique, comprising a distinct combination of the three doshas: Vata, Pitta, and Kapha. These doshas govern various physiological and psychological functions within the body, and an imbalance in any of them can lead to illness. The goal of Ayurveda is to restore and maintain balance among the doshas through lifestyle practices, dietary adjustments, herbal remedies, and therapeutic treatments.

### Diagnosis and Treatment:

Ayurvedic diagnosis is a comprehensive process that takes into account an individual's physical constitution, mental temperament, lifestyle, and environmental factors. Practitioners use techniques such as pulse diagnosis (Nadi Pariksha), observation, and questioning to assess a person's doshic balance and identify imbalances or disturbances.

Treatment in Ayurveda is personalized and holistic, focusing on addressing the root cause of disease rather than just alleviating symptoms. It often includes a combination of therapies tailored to the individual's unique constitution and imbalances. These may include dietary modifications, herbal remedies, detoxification procedures (Panchakarma), yoga, meditation, and lifestyle recommendations.

### Key Concepts:

#### 1. **Pancha Mahabhutas (Five Elements):**
Ayurveda views the universe and the human body as composed of five elements—earth, water, fire, air, and ether. These elements combine to form the three doshas and influence various physiological processes.

#### 2. **Dhatus (Tissues) and Malas (Waste Products):**
Ayurveda categorizes the body into seven dhatus or tissues, each with its specific function. Proper nourishment and elimination of waste products (malas) are essential for maintaining health and vitality.

#### 3. **Agni (Digestive Fire):**
Agni represents the digestive fire responsible for transforming food into energy and nutrients. Balanced agni is crucial for optimal digestion, metabolism, and overall well-being.

#### 4. **Srotas (Channels of Circulation):**
Srotas are the channels through which nutrients, fluids, and

1. Muscle: Types and Contraction By Riya .M . Nimbalkar

2. Objectives Classification of Muscles Features of different types of muscles Muscle Contraction (Sliding Filament Theory) Types of Changes during Contraction of Muscles

3. Classification of muscles Human body has more than 600 muscles. A. Classification depending upon Striations Striated Muscle Non- Striated Muscle B. Classification depending upon Control Voluntary Muscles In Voluntary Muscles C. Classification depending upon Situation Skeletal Muscle Cardiac Muscle Smooth Muscle

4. Features of different types of muscles Features Skeletal Cardiac Smooth Location In Association with Bones In the Heart In the Visceral Organs Shape Cylindrical and unbranched Branched Spindle shaped, unbranched Sarcomere/Myofibrils/Troponin/Cross- Straitions Present Present Absent Depolarization Upon Stimulation Spontaneous Spontaneous Source of calcium Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Extracellular Fluid Nerve Supply Somatic Nerves Autonomic Nerves Autonomic Nerves Resting Membrane Potential Stable Stable Unstable Speed of contraction Quick Intermediate Slow Action Voluntary Involuntary Involuntary Control of Action Neurogenic Myogenic Neurogenic and Myogenic For Trigger of contraction calcium binds with Troponin Troponin Calmodulin

5. Muscle Contraction Step 1: Action potential moves down motor neuron. Step 2: Acetylcholine (Ach) is released from synaptic vesicles. Step 3: Ach binds to sites on sarcolemma. Step 4: Action potential moves down T-tubules to Sarcoplasmic reticulum. Step 5: Ca²+ release, binds to troponin causing it to change shape. Shape change releases it from tropomyosin. Step 6: Tropomyosin moves to reveal binding site of actin

6. Step 7: Myosin +ATP attaches to actin.
Step 8: Myosin head move action towards centre of A band (power stroke) Step 9: ATP (energy) or Ca²+ is gone, myosin detaches. Step 10: Contraction is over >>> Ca is pumped back to SR >>> Troponin reattaches >>> Tropomyosin reattaches >>> Binding sites coved= RELAXATION

7. Sliding Filament Theory

8. Types of Changes during Contraction of Muscles Physical Changes Chemical Changes Electrical Changes Thermal Changes Histological Changes

9. 1. Skeletal muscle: Voluntary, striated, attached to bones.
2. Cardiac muscle: Involuntary, striated, found in the heart.
3. Smooth muscle: Involuntary, non-striated, found in organs. Sliding filament theory explains muscle contraction: actin filaments slide over myosin, shortening sarcomeres, leading to muscle contraction. Muscles are classified by structure, function, location, and attachment. Conclusions