Pain

Pain: Define Pain. Theories of Pain (Outline only), Pain Gate Control theory in detail-SECOND YEAR ELECTROTHERAPY

1. PAIN
By
Mr. Chacko.P.George. MPT(Neuro)
Associate Professor
Department of PHYSIOTHERAPY
EMS College of Paramedical
Sciences,EMCHRC,Perinthalmanna

2. Define Pain

 Theories of Pain

 Pain Gate Control theory
CONTENTS

3. Pain is defined as unpleasant sensory
and emotional experience that is
associated with actual or potential
tissue damage.
(International association for the study of
pain,Merskey et al, 1979)


Pain is one of the most common reasons
a person seeks medical attention.
Can you Define Pain ?

4. Pain is a protective mechanism, person try to
remove the tissue damage.


loss of pain perception can cause and increase
tissue damage (eg:- bed sores)

5. Subjective sensation

Pain Perceptions – based on expectations,
past experience, anxiety, suggestions

Affective – one‟s emotional factors that can
affect pain experience
Behavioral – how one expresses or controls pain
Cognitive – one‟s beliefs (attitudes) about pain
Physiological response produced by
activation of specific types of nerve fibers

6. Neurophysiology of Pain

7. Types of pain
Fast pain (Aδ)
Or
Sharp pain
Prickling pain
Acute pain
Electric pain


Slow pain (C fibers)
or
Burning pain
Aching pain
Chronic pain

8. Cutaneous Pain – sharp, bright, burning; can have a
fast or slow onset

Deep Somatic Pain – stems from tendons, muscles,
joints, periosteum, & b. vessels

Visceral Pain – originates from internal organs;
diffused @ 1
st
& later may be localized (i.e.
appendicitis)

Psychogenic Pain – individual feels pain but cause is
emotional rather than physical

9. Referred pain
Occurs away from pain site

Example:Angina pectoris

Types of referred pain:
Myofascial Pain – trigger points, small hyperirritable
areas within a muscle in which nerve impulses
bombard CNS & are expressed at referred pain

Sclerotomic & Dermatomic Pain – deep pain; may
originate from sclerotomic, myotomic, or dermatomic
n. irritation/injury

10. Sclerotome: area of bone/fascia that
is supplied by a single n. root

Myotome: m. supplied by a single
n. root

Dermatome: area of skin supplied by
a single n. root

11. Properties of pain fibers
Fast pain
Receptors -Free nerve endings
Afferent -Aδ(group III) fibers
Action potential-Relatively slow
Conduction velocity-5-30m/s
Subjective sensation-Sharp,pricking pain
Onset of sensation & Localisation-
Short latency,easily identified
Duration -Short lasting
Subjective response -Reflex withdrawl,
less emotional involvement
Myelinated
Large diameter fibers
Slow pain
1)Free nerve endings
2)C (group IV) fibers
3)Very slow
4)0.5-2m/s
5)Dull,burning & Throbbing
pain
6)Poorly localised,diffuse
7)Long lasting
8)Difficult to
endure,possible emotional
& automatic response
9)Non myelinated
10)Small diameter fibers

13. The pain pathways

Joints

Muscles

Soft tissues

14. The pain pathways

18. Pain physiology
Noxious Stimulus


activate pain receptor


transmission by nerve
fiber (Aδ ,c)


CNS
(S.C, Spinothalamic
tract, brain stem,
thalamus, cortex)

20. Peripheral Aspects

21. Flexor withdrawal reflex

Crossed extensor reflex
Central Aspects

22. 2020-04-30 purushotham 22

23. Several stages

1)Peripheral
2)Spinal segmental
3)Supraspinal
4)Cortical
Neuromodultaion of PAIN

24. Theories of Pain

25. Gate Control Theory
Central Biasing Theory
Endogenous Opiates Theory

Pain Control Theories

26. Pain Gate control Theory

27. Pain Gate control Theory

Ronald Melzack
(1929)

Patrick Wall
(1925-2001)

28. Substantia Gelatinosa (SG) in dorsal horn of spinal
cord acts as a „gate‟ – only allows one type of
impulses to connect with the SON

Transmission Cell (T-cell) – distal end of the SON

If A-beta neurons are stimulated – SG is activated
which closes the gate to A-delta & C neurons.

If A-delta & C neurons are stimulated – SG is
blocked which closes the gate to A-beta neurons.

Pain Gate control Theory

29. Gate - located in the dorsal horn of the spinal
cord

Smaller, slower n. carry pain impulses

Larger, faster n. fibers carry other sensations

Impulses from faster fibers arriving @ gate 1
st

inhibit pain impulses (acupuncture/pressure, cold, heat,
chem. skin irritation).

Pain Gate control Theory

30. Pain Gate control Theory

33. Central Biasing Theory
Descending neurons are activated by: stimulation
of A-delta & C neurons, cognitive processes,
anxiety, depression, previous experiences,
expectations

Cause release of enkephalins (PAG) and serotonin
(NRM)

Enkephalin interneuron in area of the SG blocks
A-delta & C neurons

34. Endogenous Opiates Theory
Stimulation of A-delta & C fibers causes release of B-
endorphins from the PAG & NRM
Or
ACTH/B-lipotropin is released from the anterior
pituitary in response to pain – broken down into B-
endorphins and corticosteroids

Mechanism of action – similar to enkephalins to block
ascending nerve impulses

Examples: TENS (low freq. & long pulse duration)

35. 1.Intensive (Summation ) Theory
2.Specificity Theory
3.Strong‟s Theory
4.Pattern Theories
5.Central summation Theory
6.The Fourth Theory of pain
7.Sensory interaction Theory
8.Pain Gate control Theory
Theories of Pain

36. Erb -1874

According to this theory “every stimulus was
capable of producing pain if it reached sufficient
intensity”.

Developed by Goldscheider -1894

Both stimulus intensity and central summation as
critical determinants of pain. It was implied that
the summation occurred in the dorsal horn cells.


Intensive (Summation ) Theory

38. Von Frey -1895

This theory is based on the assumption that the free
nerve endings are pain receptors, and that the other 3
types of receptors are also specific to a sensory
experience.

Pain perception was viewed as a function of the
amount of physical damage alone.
Specificity Theory

40. Strong – 1895

Pain was an experience based on the noxious stimulus
& the psychic reaction or displeasure provoked by the
sensation

Strong‟s Theory

41. Nafe – 1934

All cutaneous qualities are produced by spatial &
temporal patterns of nerve impulses rather than by
separate, modality-specific transmission routes.
Pattern Theories

42. Livingston – 1943

The intence stimulation resulting from nerve &
tissue damage activated fibers that projected to
internuncial neuron pools within the spinal cord.

Abnormal reverberating circuits were created, with
self activating neurons.

Prolonged abnormal activity bombarded cells in the
spinal cord, & information was projected to the
brain for pain perception.
Central summation Theory

43. Hardy, Woff & Goodell- 1940

Expanded on strong theory

Stated that pain was composed of 2 components:the
perception of pain & the reaction one has to it.

Physiopsychological process involving cognitive functions
of the individual & influenced by past
experinces,culture, & various psychological factors that
produce great variation in the “reaction pain
threshold”
The Fourth Theory of pain

44. Noordenbos – 1959

2 systems involving transmission of pain & other
sensory information with a fast & slow system.

The slow system, composed of unmyelinated small
diameter fibers, was presumed to conduct somatic &
visceral afferents.

The fast system, composed of large fibers, was said
to inhibit transmission of the small fibers.

Sensory interaction Theory

45. Evaluation of pain

46. Pain Evaluation
Need to determine underlying cause if possible

Pain is subjective

Difficult to describe and characterize objectively

47. In all types of pain accurate assessment is essential.

However simply asking the patient “how much does it
hurt” is not enough.

There is no direct relationship between physical
pathology and the intensity of pain.

The patient‟s subjective experience may be difficult to
communicate.

Pain Assessment

48. OPQRST Format
Origin/Onset of pain
Position /pattern of pain
Quality of pain
Quantity of pain
Radiating pain
Signs &Symptoms
Treatment

ASSESSMENT OF PAIN

49. Origin /Onset of pain: how did the pain started:
suddenly/gradually
Mechanism of injury

Position/pattern: constant or periodic
Localized/ radiating
Aggravating and relieving factors
Improving/worsening/remain same

Quality of pain: mechanical-pressing stabbing
Chemical-burning
Neural-numbness/pins and needles
Vascular- throbbing

50. Quantity of pain: intensity of pain
Radiation: characteristics of pain radiation

Signs and symptoms: Functional,
psychological

Treatment: Previous treatment
Current treatment effectiveness

51. Verbal rating scale
Wong/baker faces
Pain diagrams / Body diagrams
Visual analogue scale
McGill pain questionnaire

Tools used to measure pain

54. Pain diagrams / Body diagrams

58. Visual Analogue Scale
The VAS is a simple robust pain
measurement tool
It can be used to measure severity & or
Improvement
It can be reliably used for children over
the age of five
The VAS is usually designed as a 10cm line
with descriptors at each end.

59. Visual Analogue Scale
No Pain Worst pain

Possible Pain

The example shows a patient recording a 9.0

i.e. The patient has made a mark 9cms from the no pain end
of the scale.

NB The VAS can be compromised if descriptors or numbers
are added between the end points.
{The 10 cm line allows for easy measurement and recording}

60. i.Sheila Kitchen.Electrotherapy:Evidence-Based Practice
ii.Val Robertson, Alex Ward, ohn Low and Ann
Reed.Electrotherapy Explained-Principles & Practice.
iii.Basana Kumar Nanda.Electrotherapy Simplified.
Newdelhi:Jaypee brothers;2008.
iv.Susan B O‟Sullivan, and Thomas J Schmitz. Physical
Rehabilitation. Newdelhi:Jaypee brothers;2007.

References