PALLIATIVE CARE PRESENTATION GROUP 6.pptx

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1. GROUP 5 PALLIATIVE CARE Group members: Kisembo Ivan Kabategyeki Eunice Okabo Walter Womayi Ivaan Tumwesigye Stephen Tumusiime Prisca Awor Molly

2. Learning Objectives By the end of this lesson learners should be able to: Define non verbal communication skills Know the Types of non verbal communication skills Know the important of Nonverbal Communication skills Explain how to make non verbal communication skills better

3. Definition Means conveying information without using words. This might involve using certain facial expressions or hand gestures to make a specific point, or it could involve the use (or non-use) of eye contact, physical proximity, and other nonverbal cues to get a message across. The way of communication is by means of space, gestures, facial expressions, touching, vocal variation, and silence for example

4. “It is estimated that NVC most often conveys a larger share of social information(65% or more) while verbal communication plays a less salient role(35% or less). So much information is communicated nonverbally that frequently the verbal aspect is negligible.” Every day, we respond to thousands of nonverbal cues and behaviors, including postures, facial expressions, eye gaze, gestures, and tone of voice. From our handshakes to our hairstyles, our nonverbal communication reveals who we are and impacts how we relate to other people.

5. When you are trying to understand a communication words are only part of the story. To analyse it properly you need to see and feel what is being said as well. Only 7% of meaning is in the words spoken. 38% of meaning is paralinguistic (the way that the words are said). 55% is in facial expression. (source: Albert Mehrabian )

6. Types of Nonverbal Communication Research has identified nine types of nonverbal communication. These nonverbal communication types are: Facial expressions Gestures Paralinguistics (such as loudness or tone of voice) Body language Proxemics or personal space Eye gaze, haptics (touch) Appearance Artifacts (objects and images)

7. Facial Expressions Are responsible for a huge proportion of nonverbal communication. Consider how much information can be conveyed with a smile or a frown. The look on a person's face is often the first thing we see, even before we hear what they have to say. While nonverbal communication and behavior can vary dramatically between cultures, the facial expressions for happiness, sadness, anger, and fear are similar throughout the world.

8. Cont. These usually convey emotions. There are 6 Universal emotions Surprise Fear Sadness Anger Happiness Disgust The expression on a person's face can even help determine if we trust or believe what the individual is saying. we make judgments about people's intelligence based upon their faces and expressions. One study found that the most trustworthy facial expression involved a slight raise of the eyebrows and a slight smile. This expression, the researchers suggested, conveys both friendliness and confidence. individuals who had narrower faces and more prominent noses were more likely to be perceived as intelligent. People with smiling, joyful expression were also judged as being more intelligent than those with angry expressions.

9. Universal facial expression

10. Facial Management Techniques Intensifying – to exaggerate a feeling De-intensifying – to underplay a feeling Neutralizing – to hide a feeling Masking – to replace or substitute the expression of one emotion or another

11. The eye /Oculesics The eyes are frequently referred to as the "windows to the soul" since they are capable of revealing a great deal about what a person is feeling or thinking . As you engage in conversation with another person, taking note of eye movements is a natural and important part of the communication process . Some common things you may notice include whether people are making direct eye contact or averting their gaze, how much they are blinking, or if their pupils are dilated . The best way to read someone's body language is to pay attention. Look out for any of the following eye signals .

12. Eye Gaze The eyes play a role in nonverbal communication, with such things as looking, staring, and blinking being important cues. For example, when you encounter people or things that you like, your rate of blinking increases and your pupils dilate. When a person looks directly into your eyes while having a conversation, it indicates that they are interested and paying attention. However, prolonged eye contact can feel threatening. For example in China. People's eyes can indicate a range of emotions, including hostility, interest, and attraction.

13. People also often utilize eye gaze cues to gauge a person's honesty. Normal, steady eye contact is often taken as a sign that a person is telling the truth and is trustworthy. Shifty eyes and an inability to maintain eye contact, on the other hand, is frequently seen as an indicator that someone is lying or being deceptive . On the other hand, breaking eye contact and frequently looking away might indicate that the person is distracted, uncomfortable, or trying to conceal his or her real feelings While in some cases, a lack of eye contact indicates untrustworthiness, for instance, it doesn't mean you automatically can't trust someone who isn't looking at you in the eyes. It could be they are distracted and thinking about something else. Or, again, it could be a cultural difference at play.

14. Blinking Blinking is natural, but you should also pay attention to whether a person is blinking too much or too little. People often blink more rapidly when they are feeling distressed or uncomfortable. Infrequent blinking may indicate that a person is intentionally trying to control his or her eye movements.7 For example, a poker player might blink less frequently because he is purposely trying to appear unexcited about the hand he was dealt.

15. Pupil Size Pupil size can be a very subtle nonverbal communication signal. While light levels in the environment control pupil dilation, sometimes emotions can also cause small changes in pupil size . For example, you may have heard the phrase "bedroom eyes" used to describe the look someone gives when they are attracted to another person. Highly dilated eyes, for example, can indicate that a person is interested or even aroused

16. Mouth expressions and movements can also be essential in reading body language. For example, chewing on the bottom lip may indicate that the individual is experiencing feelings of worry, fear, or insecurity . Covering the mouth may be an effort to be polite if the person is yawning or coughing, but it may also be an attempt to cover up a frown of disapproval.

17. Smiling is perhaps one of the greatest body language signals, but smiles can also be interpreted in many ways. A smile may be genuine, or it may be used to express false happiness, sarcasm, or even cynicism. When evaluating body language, pay attention to the following mouth and lip signals: Pursed lips . Tightening the lips might be an indicator of distaste, disapproval, or distrust. Lip biting . People sometimes bite their lips when they are worried, anxious, or stressed.

18. Covering the mouth . When people want to hide an emotional reaction, they might cover their mouths in order to avoid displaying smiles or smirks. Turned up or down . Slight changes in the mouth can also be subtle indicators of what a person is feeling. When the mouth is slightly turned up, it might mean that the person is feeling happy or optimistic. On the other hand, a slightly down-turned mouth can be an indicator of sadness, disapproval, or even an outright grimace.

19. Gestures Deliberate movements and signals are an important way to communicate meaning without words. Common gestures include waving, pointing, and giving a "thumbs up" sign. Other gestures are arbitrary and related to culture . For example , in the U.S., putting the index and middle finger in the shape of a "V" with your palm facing out is often considered to be a sign of peace or victory. Yet, in Britain, Australia, and other parts of the world, this gesture can be considered an insult . Nonverbal communication via gestures is so powerful and influential that some judges place limits on which ones are allowed in the courtroom, where they can sway juror opinions. An attorney might glance at their watch to suggest that the opposing lawyer's argument is tedious, for instance. Or they may roll their eyes during a witness's testimony in an attempt to undermine that person's credibility.

20. Body Gestures Can be Emblems Can be use as Illustrators Can Affect Displays Regulators have got to be careful with body gestures People are to Adapt to different body gestures and movements

21. Emblems Emblems are limited by both time and culture.

22. Legs and arms

23. The arms and legs can also be useful in conveying nonverbal information. Crossing the arms can indicate defensiveness. Crossing legs away from another person may indicate dislike or discomfort with that individual. Other subtle signals such as expanding the arms widely may be an attempt to seem larger or more commanding, while keeping the arms close to the body may be an effort to minimize oneself or withdraw from attention.

24. When you are evaluating body language, pay attention to some of the following signals that the arms and legs may convey : Crossed arms  might indicate that a person feels defensive, self-protective, or closed-off . Standing with hands placed on the hips  can be an indication that a person is ready and in control, or it can also possibly be a sign of aggressiveness. Clasping the hands behind the back  might indicate that a person is feeling bored, anxious, or even angry. Rapidly tapping fingers or fidgeting  can be a sign that a person is bored, impatient, or frustrated. Crossed legs  can indicate that a person is feeling closed-off or in need of privacy. 

25. Paralinguistics Paralinguistics refers to vocal communication that is separate from actual language. This form of nonverbal communication includes factors such as tone of voice, loudness, inflection, and pitch . For example , consider the powerful effect that tone of voice can have on the meaning of a sentence. When said in a strong tone of voice, listeners might interpret a statement as approval and enthusiasm. The same words said in a hesitant tone can convey disapproval and a lack of interest.

26. Paralanguage cues are used for forming impressions, for identifying emotional states, and for making judgments of credibility, intelligence, and objectivity. Paralanguage is the vocal (but nonverbal) dimension of speech. It refers to the way you say something, rather than what you say . By stressing different words in a sentence, you can change the meaning completely without doing anything to the structure of it.

27. Posture How we hold our bodies can also serve as an important part of body language. The term posture refers to how we hold our bodies as well as the overall physical form of an individual. Posture can convey a wealth of information about how a person is feeling as well as hints about personality characteristics, such as whether a person is confident, open, or submissive. Sitting up straight, for example, may indicate that a person is focused and paying attention to what's going on. Sitting with the body hunched forward, on the other hand, can imply that the person is bored or indifferent. When you are trying to read body language, try to notice some of the signals that a person's posture can send.

28. Open posture involves keeping the trunk of the body open and exposed. This type of posture indicates friendliness, openness, and willingness. Closed posture involves hiding the trunk of the body often by hunching forward and keeping the arms and legs crossed. This type of posture can be an indicator of hostility, unfriendliness, and anxiety.

29. Proxemics Proxemics is the study of spatial communication and how we use it ( Devito ) Termed coined by founder, Edward Hall, in 1968 in “his book The Silent Language”. Hall’s research concluded that there are four distances we utilize in everyday interpersonal communication and these are culturally defined. There are also five dimensions used to assign the importance of space in status.

30. The term proxemics , coined by anthropologist Edward T. Hall, refers to the distance between people as they interact. Just as body movements and facial expressions can communicate a great deal of nonverbal information, so can the physical space between individuals. If we are forced to be closer than this e.g. lifts, trains, etc., we tend to use other methods to increase the distance e.g. turning away, avoiding eye contact, etc.

31. Hall described four levels of social distance that occur in different situations. Intimate Distance: 6 to 18 inches  This level of physical distance often indicates a closer relationship or greater comfort between individuals. It usually occurs during intimate contact such as hugging, whispering, or touching. Personal Distance: 1.5 to 4 feet Physical distance at this level usually occurs between people who are family members or close friends. The closer the people can comfortably stand while interacting can be an indicator of the level of intimacy in their relationship.

32. Social Distance: 4 to 12 feet. This level of physical distance is often used with individuals who are acquaintances. With someone you know fairly well, such as a co-worker you see several times a week, you might feel more comfortable interacting at a closer distance. In cases where you do not know the other person well, such as a postal delivery driver you only see once a month, a distance of 10 to 12 feet may feel more comfortable.

33. Public Distance: 12 to 25 feet Physical distance at this level is often used in public speaking situations. Talking in front of a class full of students or giving a presentation at work are good examples of such situations. It is also important to note that the level of personal distance that individuals need to feel comfortable can vary from culture to culture. One oft-cited example is the difference between people from Latin cultures and those from North America. People from Latin countries tend to feel more comfortable standing closer to one another as they interact, while those from North America need more personal distance.

34. Dimensions of Space (Athos) More is better than less Assign importance or status based on how much space a person has Private is better than public It is better not to have to share space We desire to exclude people to mark boundaries of our space Closing doors is an important signal that a conversation is both intimate and important Dimensions of Space (con.) Higher is better than lower Imagery is often in terms of up and down Houses that are on higher land are often more expensive Near is better than far It is more valued to have a office near the boss It is also more valued to be at a position near the host at a dinner party In is better than out Home field advantage in sports teams

35. Territory Territory is the possessive reaction to a particular area or objects ( Devito ) Primary territory —belongs to you Boundary markers Secondary territory —not belonging to you, but associated with you Central markers Public territories —areas like parks that belong to all people

36. Haptics Communicating through touch is another important nonverbal communication behavior. Touch can be used to communicate affection, familiarity, sympathy, and other emotions. In her book Interpersonal Communication: Everyday Encounters , author Julia Wood writes that touch is also often used to communicate both status and power. High-status individuals tend to invade other people's personal space with greater frequency and intensity than lower-status individuals. Sex differences also play a role in how people utilize touch to communicate meaning. Women tend to use touch to convey care, concern, and nurturance. Men, on the other hand, are more likely to use touch to assert power or control over others.

37. Appearance We make instant judgements based on appearance – this process is known as Impression Formation An informal or untidy appearance will give people the impression you are informal in your work aspects of life (Implicit Personality Theory) So, dress accordingly. You can start smart and become casual, but not the reverse!

38. Artifacts Objects and images are also tools that can be used to communicate nonverbally. On an online forum, for example, you might select an avatar to represent your identity and to communicate information about who you are and the things you like. People often spend a great deal of time developing a particular image and surrounding themselves with objects designed to convey information about the things that are important to them. Uniforms, for example, can be used to transmit a tremendous amount of information about a person. A soldier will don fatigues, a police officer will wear a specific uniform, and a doctor will wear a white lab coat. At a mere glance, these outfits tell others what that person does for a living. That makes them a powerful form of nonverbal communication.

39. Silence and its function Time To Think : Time to formulate responses. Weapon To Hurt Others (the silent treatment) Response to Personal Anxiety : Remaining silent around strangers. Prevent Communication: A defense mechanism against saying things that you cant take back in the heat of the moment. Communicate Emotional Responses : Pouting, Anger, Annoyance, Long Stares into another’s eyes; love. Achieve Specific Effects : Strategically placing pauses after or before sentences to imply importance or seriousness. Nothing To Say : Sometimes you just don’t have anything to say.

40. Roles of Nonverbal Communication Body language plays many roles in social interactions. It can help facilitate the following: Earning trust : Engaging in eye contact, nodding your head while listening, and even unconsciously mirroring another person's body language are all signals that you and someone else are bonding . Emphasizing a point : The tone of voice you use and the way you engage listeners with your hand and arm gestures, or by how you take up space, are all ways that affect how your message comes across. Revealing truths : When someone's body language doesn't match what they're saying, we might intuitively pick up on the fact that they are withholding information, or perhaps not being honest about how they feel.

41. Tuning in to your own needs : Our own body language can reveal a lot about how we're feeling. For instance, are you in a slumped posture, clenching your jaw and/or pursing your lips? This may be a signal that the environment you're currently in is triggering you in some way. Your body might be telling you that you're feeling unsafe, stressed, or any number of emotions . Body language can tell you when someone feels anxious, angry, excited, or any emotion. It may also suggest personality traits (i.e., whether someone is shy or outgoing). But, body language can be misleading. It is subject to a person's mood, energy level, and circumstances.

42. References Guyer JJ, Briñol P, Vaughan-Johnston TI, Fabrigar LR, Moreno L, Petty RE. Paralinguistic features communicated through voice can affect appraisals of confidence and evaluative judgments. J Nonverbal Behav . 2021;45(4):479-504. doi:10.1007/s10919-021-00374-2. Hughes H, Hockey J, Berry G. Power play: the use of space to control and signify power in the workplace. Culture and Organization. 2019;26(4):298-314. doi:10.1080/14759551.2019.1601722. Hall ET. A system for the notation of proxemic behavior. American Anthropologist. October 1963;65(5):1003-1026. doi:10.1525/aa.1963.65.5.02a00020.