Panic_Disorder_Presentation_with_Images.pptx

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1. Panic Disorder: Understanding Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

2. Introduction • Panic Disorder is an anxiety disorder marked by recurrent, unexpected panic attacks • Characterized by sudden surges of intense fear or discomfort • Often associated with fear of recurrence Image placeholder (Add: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Anxiety_icon.png)

3. Diagnostic Criteria (DSM-5) • Palpitations or pounding heart • Sweating • Trembling or shaking • Sensations of shortness of breath or smothering • Chest pain or discomfort • Nausea or abdominal distress • Dizziness or faintness • Chills or heat sensations • Fear of losing control or dying Image placeholder (Add: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Human_heart_diagram.png)

4. Differential Diagnosis • Anxiety disorder due to medical condition • Substance/medication-induced anxiety disorder • Other specified or unspecified anxiety disorder

5. Epidemiology • Lifetime prevalence: 1–4% • 6-month prevalence: 0.5–1.0% • Women 2–3x more affected than men • Age of onset: young adulthood (average ~25 years) • Can also occur in children and adolescents

6. Etiology • Biological: brain abnormalities, neurotransmitter imbalance (serotonin, norepinephrine, GABA) • Genetic: family studies, twin studies show higher risk • Psychosocial: stressful life events, trauma, psychoanalytic view of unresolved anxiety Image placeholder (Add: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Population_icon.png)

7. Risk Factors • Personality traits (high neuroticism, sensitivity to stress) • Childhood trauma, separation, or loss • Family history of anxiety or depression • Substance use (caffeine, stimulants, alcohol) Image placeholder (Add: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Brain_icon.png)

8. Clinical Features • Recurrent unexpected panic attacks • Persistent concern about additional attacks • Agoraphobia (fear of being in unsafe places) • Avoidance behaviors • High comorbidity with depression

9. Management • Psychotherapy: CBT (gold standard), exposure therapy, relaxation techniques • Pharmacological: SSRIs, SNRIs, benzodiazepines (short-term) • Lifestyle: exercise, yoga, meditation, reduce caffeine/alcohol • Psychoeducation: teaching that panic attacks are not life-threatening Image placeholder (Add: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Mental_health_icon.png)

10. Prognosis • Good prognosis with early treatment • Untreated cases may lead to chronic anxiety, depression, disability • Risk of substance abuse or worsening comorbidity Image placeholder (Add: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8b/Therapy_icon.png)

11. Conclusion • Panic Disorder is a common and treatable anxiety disorder • Combination of therapy and medication is most effective • Early intervention leads to better long-term outcomes