Paper chromatography by ck

chromatography

1. PAPER CHROMATOGRAPHYPAPER CHROMATOGRAPHY
 
 
SUBMITTED TO SUBMITTED TO
  Dr.K.M.LOKANATH RAI.sir        Dr.P.NAGARAJ.sirDr.K.M.LOKANATH RAI.sir        Dr.P.NAGARAJ.sir
 Dept.Of Chemistry                           Dept,Of Chemistry
 Manasagangothri                             Manasagangothri
 
 

SUBMITTED BYSUBMITTED BY
CHANDRAKANTHA.K.SCHANDRAKANTHA.K.S
2
nd
YEAR M.TECH.

2. CHROMATOGRAPHY

3.  Chromatography (from Greek :chroma, colour 
and "grafein" to write) is the collective term for a 
family of laboratory techniques for the separation of 
mixtures. It involves passing a mixture dissolved in 
a "mobile phase" through a stationary phase, which 
separates the analyte to be measured from other 
molecules in the mixture and allows it to be isolated.
 Chromatography  may  be  preparative  or 
analytical.  Preparative  chromatography  seeks  to 
separate the components of a mixture for further 
use (and is thus a form of purification). 

4. Mikhail Semyonovich Tsvet invented the first 
chromatographic technique in 1900 during his research on 
chlorophyll. He used a liquid-adsorption column 
containing calcium carbonate to separate plant pigments. 
 In  1952  Archer  John  Porter  Martin  and  Richard 
Laurence Millington Synge were awarded the Chemistry 
Nobel  Prize  for  their  invention  of  partition 
chromatography. Since then, the technology has advanced 
rapidly. 
This technique is a type of partition chromatography 
developed  by  CONSDEN,GORDEN,MARTAIN  AND 
SRINGE IN ENGLAND IN 1944.
History

6. Is a technique used to separate and
identify the components of a mixture.
Works by allowing the molecules present
in the mixture to distribute themselves
between a stationary and a mobile
medium.
Molecules that spend most of their time in
the mobile phase are carried along faster.

8. Chromatography is a technique for
separating mixtures into their components
in order to analyze, identify, purify,
and/or quantify the mixture or
components.
Separate
• Analyze
• Identify
• Purify
• Quantify
ComponentsMixture

9. Chromatography is used by scientists to:
• Analyze – examine a mixture, its components, and their
relations to one another
• Identify – determine the identity of a mixture or components
based on known components
• Purify – separate components in order to isolate one of interest
for further study
• Quantify – determine the amount of the a mixture and/or
the components present in the sample

10. Mixture
(Ink)
Components
Separation
Stationary Phase
(filter paper)
Mobile Phase
(water)

11. On the basis of techniques employed in paper
chromatography, it may be classified into 5 types.
 Ascending paper chromatography
 Descending paper chromatography
 Ascending and descending paper
chromatograpy
 Radial or circular paper chromatography

 Two dimentional paper chromatography

12. Ascending paper chromatography: In this
technique, the paper is supported vertically in a
closed glass tank or tube. The lower edge of the
filter paper sheet is dipped in suitable solvent
known as eluting agent or developing agent. The
mixture of components to be separated in
solvent is spotted on filter paper strip. Since the
lower end is dipped in solvent, the solvent rises
up due to capillary action. Different ingredients
of the mixture travel through different heights.

14. Descending paper chromatography: In this
technique, the eluting agent is kept in a
narrow trough near the top of the container.
The upper end of the paper dips in it. In
such case, the solvent move downwards.
Then it is termed as descending paper
chromatography. Descending
chromatography is generally faster than the
ascending method, but at the expense of a
slight increase in complexicity of technique.

16. Ascending paper chromatography:
Ascending
P.C R.Dr.KMLKOA
NTH
Descending
P.C

17. 3. Ascending - Descending Chromatography:

It is a hybrid of two techniques. The upper part of ascending
chromatography can be folded over a glass rod allowing the
descending development to change over into the descending
after crossing the glass rod.

19. Radial or circular paper chromatography: In this
technique, a circular piece of paper having a wick or
tongue (of width of about 2 mm) cut parallel to the
radius from edge of the centre is required. The
mixture to be analysed is deposited as a spot at the
centre of the paper which is upper end of the wick or
tongue. After drying the spot, the paper is horizontally
fixed on the petridish having the solvent so that the
tongue of the paper dips into the solvent. The solvent
flows through the tongue tough the paper. When the
solvent front has moved through a sufficient large
distance, the various components of the mixture are
separated in the form of concentric circular zones or
bands.

22. 5. Two dimensional chromatography:
In this a square rectangular paper is used. The sample applied
on one of the corners. The second development is performed at
right angle of the direction of first run. This type of
chromatography can be carried out with identical solvent
system in both directions or by two solvent systems

24. Sl.No Solvents used
1Isopropanol – ammonia - water (9 : 1 : 2)
2n-butanol - acetic acid – water (4 : 1 : 5)
3Water - phenol
4Formaldehyde - chloroform
5Formamide – chloroform - benzene
6Formamide - benzene
7Formamide – benzene - cyclohexane
8Dimethyl formamide – cyclohexane
9Kerosene - 70% isopropanol
10Paraffin oil – dimethyl formamide – methanol -
waterypeepDrLpsfHD.LrNLHPrMDriOiHTr
RKTpeO.pITOiKCr
OTHrOLrtpsspmLG
Common solvents used in paper
chromatography
are as follows.

27. In the animation below the red molecules are more
soluble in the liquid (or less volatile) than are the
green molecules.

32.   D r D . r K M .
 
   Dr. KrMrLMOAL. ON. T. HrTNRKr. AI. MDr. Nsrri. TM. PDOGD. T.
NRJNMTLGr. HAerN. OL. T. GDKAHTMApKTsDOG. NtNMrHf.
CrMrLMOAL. ON. HrTNRKri. TN. MDr.  DrD.rKM.L OANrM  . T
O
h. MDr.
KRL. mrLpMD. AI. MDr. GAHsARLi. iOeOiri. Jt. MDr. KRL. mrLpMD.
AI.MDr.rmRrLM.IKALMy
 
.  Dr. KrMrLMOAL. AI. T. GAHsARLi. AIMrL. iOIIrKN.
GALNOirKTJmt. JrMPrrL. r,srKOHrLMN. iRr. MA. eTKOTMOALN.
AI. MDr. rmRrLMh. MDr. NMTMOALTKt. sDTNrh. MrHsrKTMRKrh.
NTHsmr.HTMKO,.TLi.MDr.NrMRsf. Retention
 The retention is a measure of the speed at which a
substance moves in a chromatographic system.
Retention is measured as the retention factor R
f
, the
run length of the compound divided by the run length
of the eluent front:
 The retention of a compound often differs
considerably between experiments due to variations
of the eluent, the stationary phase, temperature,
sample matrix and the setup.
R
f
=
Distance moved by the compound
Distance moved by the solvent

35. ADVANTAGES
It can be used to determine the
number of compounds in mixture
It can be used to identify the
specific compounds
It can be used to monitor the
process of reaction
TLC has largely replaced by
the paper chromatography

36. Several advantages
Run faster
Better separation
Can tolerate stronger
solvents
Can choose between different
stationary phases

37. Conclusions
Paper chromatography one of the technique of
considerable importance.,but this is no
longer the case. still useful as an aid to teaching
chromatography in schools and colleges, there are
virtually no situations where separations originally
developed for paper chromatographic methods cannot
now be performed faster and better by TLC.

38. REFERECE
Modern Analytical Chemistry
David Harvey
DePauw University
Analytical chemistry - prof. dash