paragraph writng with great zeal and fervour in the body

regarding the paragraph writng

1. Paragraph Writing

2. Paragraph A short part of a text, consisting of at least one sentence and beginning on a new line It usually deals with a single event, description, idea, etc. (from Cambridge Dictionary) 8/3/2023 ‹#›

3. A one sentence paragraph India currently has three vaccine candidates — an inactivated virus vaccine which is being developed by Bharat Biotech in collaboration with the ICMR which is currently in Phase 2 of clinical trials; the second candidate is a DNA vaccine being developed by Zydus Cadila, which is also in Phase 2 of clinical trials; and the third is the Oxford University-AstraZeneca vaccine, which will be manufactured in India by the Serum Institute. 8/3/2023 ‹#›

4. Parts of a paragraph Main Idea/Topic Sentence Supporting Details Concluding Remark/ Transitional Sentence 8/3/2023 ‹#›

5. Basic Rule: Unity One paragraph, one central idea One idea and several bits of supporting evidence within a single paragraph 8/3/2023 ‹#›

6. Do all the sentences talk about one main idea? I live in a flat with my family. We have two bedrooms and a living room. We have a garden and we have some flowers there. In weekdays I arrive home at five o'clock and I have lunch. Then I do my homework and go to bed. I had a computer but now it doesn't work. I have a brother and a sister and I think I am very lucky to live with them. Sometimes our relatives visit us. Our flat becomes very crowded sometimes but I like it. 8/3/2023 ‹#›

7. See the sentences in red and green colour: I live in a flat with my family. We have two bedrooms and a living room. We have a garden and we have some flowers there. In weekdays I arrive home at five o'clock and I have lunch. Then I do my homework and go to bed. I had a computer but now it doesn't work. I have a brother and a sister and I think I am very lucky to live with them. Sometimes our relatives visit us. Our flat becomes very crowded sometimes but I like it. 8/3/2023 ‹#›

8. 8/3/2023 ‹#› Coherence and Cohesion are traits which make a paragraph easily comprehensible. Logical bridges (Coherence) Verbal bridges (Cohesion) The same idea of a topic is carried over from sentence to sentence Successive sentences can be constructed in parallel form Repeat key words Use synonyms Use Pronouns Use transition words to link ideas from different sentences 8/3/2023 ‹#›

9. Original I live in a house in Mumbai. It isn't old or modern. It's a normal Indian house. We can say it is near the sea. It takes about 10 minutes to go to the sea side on foot. We have one bedroom, one living room. We also have two other rooms, too. We use them as a dining room. Naturally, we have a kitchen, a bathroom, and a toilet. I live with my parents. And our house has a little garden; my parents spend their time there to grow vegetables and fruit. 8/3/2023 ‹#›

10. Edited I live in a house in Mumbai. It isn't old or modern; it is a normal Indian house. It is near the sea; it takes about ten minutes to go to the seaside. In the house, there are two bedrooms, one living room and two other rooms that we use as dining rooms. Naturally, we have a kitchen, a bathroom, a toilet, and a little garden. My parents spend their time growing vegetables and fruit there. 8/3/2023 ‹#›

11. Original First of all, a friend mustn't tell lie. He must always tell me the truth and he must be honest because if there is honesty between two friends, their relationship will last until death. In addition to honesty, helping or being near a friend on a bad day is very important. Another point to consider is that he must criticize me if I make a mistake.  8/3/2023 ‹#›

12. Edited There are three qualities that I need to see in a good friend. First, a good friend shouldn't tell lies. I need to trust him so that I can talk to him. Second, a good friend should be there when I need him. I should be able to find him near me when I am in a bad mood or when I have a problem. Finally, when necessary, he should criticize me so that I can change my undesirable behavior or see where I am wrong. I think, these three are the basic qualities in a good friend. 8/3/2023 ‹#›

13. Some useful transition words (from Diana Hacker’s A Writer’s Reference ) To show addition: again, and, also, besides, equally important, first (second, etc.), further, furthermore, in addition, moreover, etc. To give examples: for example, for instance, in fact, specifically, that is, to illustrate To compare: in the same manner, likewise, similarly 8/3/2023 ‹#›

14. Cont… To contrast: although, at the same time, but, even though, however, in contrast, in spite of, on the contrary, on the other hand, etc. To indicate logical relationship: accordingly, as a result, because, consequently, for this reason, hence, if, otherwise, since, so, then, therefore, etc. 8/3/2023 ‹#›

15. Cont… To show time: after, afterward, as soon as, at last, before, during, earlier, finally, formerly, immediately, later, meanwhile, next, since, shortly, then, thereafter, etc. To show place or direction: above, below, beyond, close, elsewhere, farther on, here, nearby, opposite, to the left (north, etc.) 8/3/2023 ‹#›

16. Cont… To summarize or conclude: in conclusion, in other words, in short, in summary, on the whole, that is, therefore, to sum up, etc. 8/3/2023 ‹#›

17. Examples Original:  Raj didn't have enough money to buy flowers for his mom. He wasn't old enough to get a job. He felt sad on Mother's Day. With transitions:  Raj didn't have enough money to buy flowers for his mom because  he wasn't old enough to get a job.  Nevertheless , he felt sad on Mother's Day. 8/3/2023 ‹#›

18. Original We will be here for one more week so we can finish up our work.  We are staying longer because we do not want to miss the conference. Roorkee School for the Deaf is perfectly located. It has a strong academic program. The school has a preschool program where both deaf and hearing children learn together. 8/3/2023 ‹#›

19. Edited We will be here for one more week so we can finish our work.  Another reason  we are staying longer is because we do not want to miss the conference. Roorkee School for the Deaf is perfectly located.  Moreover , it has a strong academic program.  For example , the school has a preschool program where both deaf and hearing children learn together. 8/3/2023 ‹#›

20. Faulty Start Do not start with: 1.    a nonsense sentence:        e.g. I want to talk about X.   2.    a cliché:         e.g.  …… is a very important issue in today's world. …… is one of the most burning problems. 8/3/2023 ‹#›

21. A paragraph with faulty start I want to talk about friendship. Friends can change your life. So, you must know who is a real friend. Firstly, your friend must understand you and of course, you must understand her, too. I think, another important point in a friendship is confidence. You mustn't tell lies to each other. In addition, you must say everything about yourself. I think these are important for a friendship. If you have a friend like this, you don't break up with her because a real friend is not found easily. 8/3/2023 ‹#›

22. Edited Friends play great roles in our lives so we must know our friends. Firstly, your friend must understand you and of course, you must understand her, too. I think another important point in a friendship is confidence. You mustn't tell lies to each other. In addition, you must say everything about yourself. I think these are important for a friendship. If you have a friend like this, you don't break up with her because a real friend is not found easily. 8/3/2023 ‹#›

23. Development of Ideas Every idea discussed in the paragraph should be adequately explained and supported with evidence and examples Use illustrations Cite data (facts, statistics, evidence, details, and others) Examine testimony (what people say such as quotes and paraphrases) 8/3/2023 ‹#›

24. Identify topic sentence, supporting details and concluding sentence. Pokhara is an amazing place to visit. First, it is place known for its scenic beauty. You get to see the clear views snow-capped mountains like Annapurna and Dhaulagiri from here. The scene of the reflection of Machapuchre peak on the waters of Fewa Lake below is simply mesmerising. Also, Pokhara offers a range of adventure activities for the visitors. You can go hand-gliding, do bungy jumps, or take a boating trip. In addition, you get to visit exotic places within the city. You can explore caves like Mahendra Cave and Bat Cave, visit the mysterious Devi’s Falls or peer down the eerie Seti gorge. These features make Pokhara a truly amazing place worth a visit. 8/3/2023 ‹#›

25. Types/Methods/Approaches See examples at 25 and 26 and discuss the differences in the way they are structured

26. The Power of Punctuation The story of an unknown English Professor is viral on social media now-a-days. On the blackboard, the professor wrote, “A woman without her man is nothing.” and asked the students to punctuate the sentence correctly. All the male students wrote, “A woman, without her man, is nothing.” All the female students wrote, “A woman: without her, man is nothing.” The story teaches how powerful punctuation is! The place of a punctuation mark in a sentence decides the meaning. A wrong or misplaced punctuation mark may result in a horrible interpretation. 8/3/2023 ‹#›

27. The Power of Punctuation The place of a punctuation mark in a sentence decides the meaning. A wrong or misplaced punctuation mark may result in a horrible interpretation. If “Are you going to eat, Rohan?” becomes ‘Are you going to eat Rohan’, aren’t you a man-eater? Would you do such a horrible thing as to eat Rohan, a human being? This suggests that care must be taken while using a punctuation mark in a sentence. 8/3/2023 ‹#›

28. 25 or 26? Evidence/Sub-claim 1 ↓ Example of Sub-claim 1 ↓ Evidence/Sub-claim 2 ↓ Evidence/Sub-claim 3 ↓ Conclusion/Claim       8/3/2023 ‹#›

29. 25 or 26? Topic sentence/Claim ↓ Elaboration/Example/Sub-claim 1 &2 ↓ Elaboration/ Example/Sub-claim 3 ↓ Elaboration/Example/Sub-claim 4           8/3/2023 ‹#›

30. Inductive Approach Begins with either evidence or reasons leading to the statement of the Writer’s claim at the end of the paragraph Conclusion-oriented 8/3/2023 ‹#›

31. Deductive Approach The claim is usually provided in the first sentence of the paragraph The rest of the paragraph provides evidence and reasoning supporting the initial claim 8/3/2023 ‹#›

32. Exercise: Deductive or Inductive? Disruptions to instructional time in the classroom can have a severe impact on a child's ability to learn. The impact can be worse when the poor and marginalised children are out of school. They may not have facilities to access online education and many may not return to classrooms if they don't restart. Being out of school increases the risk of abuse, child marriage, violence and other threats. It disrupts immunisation, nutritious meals, and mental health and psychosocial support. 8/3/2023 ‹#›

33. Exercise: Deductive or Inductive? The New Education Policy (NEP) 2020 was announced last week. It replaces the earlier policy introduced 34 years ago, and envisages major reforms in the education system. It focuses a great deal on technology use and integration. NEP recognises that India is a global leader in information and communication tech and other cutting edge domains, such as space. The Digital India campaign is helping to transform the entire nation into a digitally empowered society and knowledge economy. While education will play a critical role in this transformation, technology itself will play an important role in the improvement of educational processes and outcomes; thus, the relationship between technology and education is bi-directional. 8/3/2023 ‹#›

34. Chronological Order Refers to time Describe the subject by starting at the moment it began and working forward until present day You could start by describing it as it is now, then working backwards until the moment it began 8/3/2023 ‹#›

35. In the relatively short span of sixty years, there has been an incredible evolution in the size and capabilities of computer. Today, computer chips smaller than the tip of your fingernail have the same capabilities as the room-sized machines of years ago. The computers of 1940s were so large that they required special air-conditioned rooms. About  twenty years later, in the 1960s, desk-sized computers were developed. This represented a gigantic advance. Before the end of that same decade, however, a third generation of computer, which used simple integrated circuits and which were even smaller and faster, had appeared. In 1971, the first microprocessor, less than one square centimeter in size, was developed. Today’s microprocessors are much more smaller. 8/3/2023 ‹#›

36. Spatial order of paragraph Refers to space or layout Describe the setting in some sort of order based on location For example: You may choose a clockwise direction, starting at the front and go to the back or you may describe from top to bottom 8/3/2023 ‹#›

37. On the far right corner of my study table, there is a five-layer drawer with a faded Mickey Mouse as its design. On its right sat my sibling’s dusty pink dollhouse. A two-foot black electric fan is placed just beside the dollhouse. My functioning black laptop is located just next to it, in a vain effort to cool off the device. My phone enclosed in a blue protective case and a black fine-toothed comb are nearby. My unzipped gray laptop is leaning on a row of books like a rag doll. 8/3/2023 ‹#›

38. Any doubt? 8/3/2023 ‹#›