Parallelisms in sentences

1. DANCEL A. UDQUIM DISCUSSANT BARRIO OBRERO ELEMENTARY SCHOOL PARALLELISM IN SENTENCES

2. DO YOU WANT THEME PAPERS WITH LESS RED MARKS?

3. Today we will try to : Help you identify common sentence errors Give you easy ways to make corrections Enable you to develop your own personal editing checklist

4. But this TRAINING will NOT : Make your sentence errors disappear Guarantee “A” papers But it will help you get closer to your goal of less red, more well -said

5. Let us Start. Are you ready?

6. PARALLELISMS in SENTENCES

7. WHAT IS PARALLELISM? Using the same grammatical form for equal ideas is called PARALLEL STRUCTURE or PARALLELISM . Parallelism means that a series of words, phrases, and clauses that serve the same function in a sentence should be given balanced and equal grammatical form.

8. WHAT DOES PARALLELISM LOOK LIKE? For example: Direct objects should “match” each other . I like golfing, hiking, and to travel to other countries. I like golfing , hiking , and traveling to other countries. We saw her pride in herself and how jealous she was of others. We saw her pride in herself and her jealousy of others.

9. WHAT DOES PARALLELISM LOOK LIKE? Another example: Modifiers should “match” each other. Mike seemed sad, restless, and like he was afraid of something. Mike seemed sad , restless , and fearful . Annie dances gracefully and with a lot of skill. Annie dances gracefully and skillfully .

10. WHAT’S SO GREAT ABOUT PARALLELISM? Do you agree? Parallelism Makes your sentences more graceful by giving them a smooth rhythm. Clarifies your meaning or logic. Shows connections or relationships. Creates coherence in your writing .

11. What is so great about PARALLELISM? Do you agree? We u se PARALLELISM to give equal importance to related sentence parts or related ideas by putting them in matching grammatical structures.

12. Let us Start. Are you ready to create parallelism? MAKE ITEMS IN A SERIES PARALLEL Most children would rather eat a hot dog, chips, and a cookie. (singular, plural, singular) Most children would rather eat hot dogs, chips, and cookies. (plural, plural, plural=parallel)

13. MAKE ITEMS IN A SERIES PARALLEL I remember the sweet chirping of the birds, the way the squirrels ran up the trees, and how majestic the trees were. (gerund, phrase/clause, clause) I remember the sweet chirping of the birds, the lively scampering of the squirrels up the trees, and the majestic swaying of the trees. (all gerunds=parallel) I remember how the birds chirped sweetly, how the squirrels scampered playfully, and how the trees swayed majestically. (all clauses=parallel)

14. HOW TO CREATE PARALLELISM? Let us try. REPEAT CONNECTING ARTICLES (a, an, the) OR USE JUST ONE AT THE BEGINNING OF THE SERIES. She bought a skirt, shoes, and a bracelet. She bought a skirt, a pair of shoes, and a bracelet. I ordered the onion soup, fried chicken, and a chocolate sundae. I ordered the onion soup, fried chicken, and chocolate sundae.

15. HOW TO CREATE PARALELLISM? REPEAT PREPOSITIONS or USE ONE PREP TO GOVERN THE WHOLE SERIES Sam said that his success came from honesty, from hard work, and by having a positive attitude. Sam said that his success came from honesty, hard work, and optimism. OR Sam said that his success came from honesty, from hard work, and from optimism.

16. WHEN MAKING COMPARISONS, THE THINGS YOU COMPARE SHOULD BE WRITTEN IN PARALLEL FORM My income is smaller than my wife . My income is smaller than my wife’s. (income) Shakespeare contrasts the hot-headedness of Tybalt with Romeo . Shakespeare contrasts the hot-headedness of Tybalt to the sensitivity of Romeo. HOW TO CREATE PARALELLISM?

17. FAULTY PARALELLISM? When related ideas or sentence parts are NOT expressed in parallel structure, that is called FAULTY PARALLELISM. I pretended to have an itch on my ankle or that my sock had slipped. Hank doesn’t like baseball or getting tackled . Jan likes taking hikes and to play tennis . The dog ran across the yard , jumped over the fence , and down the ally .

18. For now, see if you can spot and correct faulty parallelism. In English class we are learning to read poems critically and we appreciate good stories. Ralph’s IQ is higher than his brother. Coach Dix is a sly strategist, a caring mentor, and friend. Mr. Smith keeps his store neat, well stocked, and everything is clean.

19. PARALLELISM CONTINUED How would you improve this sentence? Parallelism also means using similar kinds of words when listing words in a pattern. If you are listing items in a series, they should all be the same type of word or phrase. For consistency, make sure all of the pieces in your succession are singular nouns, plural nouns, verbs of the same tense, adjectives, etc.   Does this look right? "Ryan is friendly, smart, and a good athlete."

20. PARALLELISM CONTINUED How would you improve this sentence? INCORRECT "Ryan is friendly, smart, and a good athlete.” CORRECT "Ryan is friendly, smart, and athletic ."   Changing a good athlete to athletic makes it an adjective. Now it matches the other descriptions of Ryan.

21. PARALLELISM CONTINUED How would you improve this sentence?   Try this one: "When I grow up, I want to be a teacher, a policeman, or work at a store as a cashier."   CORRECT SENTENCE: "When I grow up, I want to be a teacher, a policeman, or a cashier ."    The part about working at a store must be a noun to match the previous two nouns (teacher and policeman).

22. PARALLELISM CONTINUED How would you improve this sentence? Here is a tricky one: "A pediatrician is a children's doctor, and a foot doctor is a podiatrist." Did you write this? "A pediatrician is a children's doctor, and a podiatrist is a foot doctor."   The kind of doctor is followed by an explanation of the doctor's specialty, not vice versa.

23. PARALLELISM CONTINUED How would you improve this sentence? Try this one: "My favorite fruits are the banana, apples, and grapes." CORRECT: "My favorite fruits are bananas , apples, and grapes."   You must make banana plural for it to match the other fruits.

24. PARALLELISM CONTINUED How would you improve this sentence?   One more example of lack of parallelism... "Writing a book takes dedication and being creative."   You must change being creative to creativity.

25. MORE ON PARALLELISM When you write a sentence, two or more parts of the sentence that do the same thing should have structures that match. Their structures should be parallel . This applies most clearly when you use more than one verb in the sentence, but it applies also to clauses and other words that perform similar functions . Let's have a look at some examples.

26. Parallelism Errors in Verbs Incorrect: I like to play, to sing, and drawing. Correct: I like to play, to sing, and to draw. You could leave out the "to" in the second and third verbs, because the first "to" would cover them all. But as you see, you could not say "I like to can draw."

27. Parallelism Errors in Verbs Can you see the parallelism error in the following sentence? He is good at skating and to play baseball.

28. Other Parallelism Errors: Either/Or Incorrect: We must either raise more money or it will be necessary to cut expenses. Correct: We must either raise more money or cut expenses . Phrases connected by "either/or" (or "neither/nor") must be parallel in structure.

29. Other Parallelism Errors: Incorrect Prepositions Some parallelism errors arise when words take different prepositions, even if the words perform the same function. Incorrect: She is interested and excited about the film . Correct: She is interested in and excited about the film. "Interested" and "excited" are similar adjectives, but take different prepositions. You can say "excited about" but not "interested about."

30. LET US TRY Directions: Choose the sentence that has no errors in structure.

31. EXAMPLE Eileen bought new shoes for the party, a gold charm for her mother, and to treat her best friend Maria to lunch. Eileen decided to buy new shoes for the party, purchasing a gold charm for her mother, and treating her best friend Maria to lunch. Eileen purchased new shoes for the party, a gold charm for her mother, and lunch for Maria, her best friend.

32. ITEM 1 Barking dogs, kittens that were meowing, and squawking parakeets greet the pet shop visitors. Barking dogs, meowing kittens, and squawking parakeets greet the pet shop visitors. Dogs that bark, kittens that meow, and parakeets squawking greet the pet shop visitors.

33. ITEM 1 Barking dogs, kittens that were meowing, and squawking parakeets greet the pet shop visitors. Barking dogs, meowing kittens, and squawking parakeets greet the pet shop visitors. Dogs that bark, kittens that meow, and parakeets squawking greet the pet shop visitors.

34. ITEM 2 During class, Adrian spent his time flirting with Nicole, eating candy, and doodling on the assignment sheet. During class, Adrian spent his time flirting with Nicole, he ate candy, and doodling on the assignment sheet. During class , Adrian spent his time to flirt with Nicole, to eat candy, and doodling on the assignment sheet.

35. ITEM 2 During class, Adrian spent his time flirting with Nicole, eating candy, and doodling on the assignment sheet. During class, Adrian spent his time flirting with Nicole, he ate candy, and doodling on the assignment sheet. During class , Adrian spent his time to flirt with Nicole, to eat candy, and doodling on the assignment sheet.

36. ITEM 3 Alex looked everywhere for his math book—under the bed, on his desk, and he searched inside the refrigerator. Alex looked everywhere for his math book—viewing under the bed, searching on his desk, and inside the refrigerator. Alex looked everywhere for his math book—under the bed, on his desk, and inside the refrigerator.

37. ITEM 3 Alex looked everywhere for his math book—under the bed, on his desk, and he searched inside the refrigerator. Alex looked everywhere for his math book—viewing under the bed, searching on his desk, and inside the refrigerator. Alex looked everywhere for his math book—under the bed, on his desk, and inside the refrigerator.

38. ITEM 4 The manager wanted staff who arrived on time, smiled at the customers, and didn’t snack on the chicken nuggets. The manager wanted staff who arrived on time, would be smiling at the customers, and would not be snacking on the chicken nuggets. The manager wanted staff who arrived on time, smiled at the customers, and no snacking on the chicken nuggets.

39. ITEM 4 The manager wanted staff who arrived on time, smiled at the customers, and didn’t snack on the chicken nuggets. The manager wanted staff who arrived on time, would be smiling at the customers, and would not be snacking on the chicken nuggets. The manager wanted staff who arrived on time, smiled at the customers, and no snacking on the chicken nuggets.

40. ITEM 5 After giving Jeremy her phone number, Felicia had to tolerate his late night calls, stupid conversations, and requests for her math homework. After giving Jeremy her phone number, Felicia had to tolerate his late night calls, the fact that he carried on stupid conversations, and requests for her math homework. After giving Jeremy her phone number, Felicia had to tolerate being woken up late at night, having stupid conversations, and he constantly requested her math homework.

41. ITEM 5 After giving Jeremy her phone number, Felicia had to tolerate his late night calls, stupid conversations, and constant requests for her math homework. After giving Jeremy her phone number, Felicia had to tolerate his late night calls, the fact that he carried on stupid conversations, and requests for her math homework. After giving Jeremy her phone number, Felicia had to tolerate being woken up late at night, having stupid conversations, and he constantly requested her math homework.

42. LET US PLAY Directions: In the items that follow, choose the correct word or phrase within the context suggested by the sentence.

43. ITEM 1 Pasta boiling in water, __________, and garlic bread baking in the oven welcomed Francisco as he opened the door. simmered tomato sauce in the pan tomato sauce simmering in the pan tomato sauce that simmered in the pan saucy tomatoes that were simmering in the pan

44. ITEM 1 Pasta boiling in water, __________, and garlic bread baking in the oven welcomed Francisco as he opened the door. simmered tomato sauce in the pan tomato sauce simmering in the pan tomato sauce that simmered in the pan saucy tomatoes that were simmering in the pan

45. ITEM 2 During our vacation in the Bahamas, we hope __________, to enjoy beautiful sunsets, and to dance ourselves dizzy at reggae clubs. that we eat delicious seafood that eating delicious seafood occurs to eat delicious seafood eating delicious seafood

46. ITEM 2 During our vacation in the Bahamas, we hope __________, to enjoy beautiful sunsets, and to dance ourselves dizzy at reggae clubs. that we eat delicious seafood that eating delicious seafood occurs to eat delicious seafood eating delicious seafood

47. ITEM 3 Karen wished Ray chewed with his mouth closed, for otherwise he was everything she wanted in a date; he was tall, intelligent, and __________. he looked good being good looking one handsome man to look at handsome

48. ITEM 3 Karen wished Ray chewed with his mouth closed, for otherwise he was everything she wanted in a date; he was tall, intelligent, and __________. he looked good being good looking one handsome man to look at handsome

49. ITEM 4 To win Laurie’s love, Albert visited the florist for roses, the drugstore for a box of chocolates, and __________. bought an expensive gold necklace at the jewelry store the jeweler for an expensive gold necklace the jeweler where he bought an expensive gold necklace to buy an expensive gold necklace

50. ITEM 4 To win Laurie’s love, Albert visited the florist for roses, the drugstore for a box of chocolates, and __________. bought an expensive gold necklace at the jewelry store the jeweler for an expensive gold necklace the jeweler where he bought an expensive gold necklace to buy an expensive gold necklace

51. ITEM 5 Kimberly won’t date Terry because he is too short, too noisy, and _________. because he picks his teeth with his fingers too impolite is the most impolite man she has ever met Picking his teeth with his fingers

52. ITEM 5 Kimberly won’t date Terry because he is too short, too noisy, and _________. because he picks his teeth with his fingers too impolite is the most impolite man she has ever met Picking his teeth with his fingers