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1. Criminological Research 1 Chapter 1

2. The PROBLEM AND REVIEW OF LITERATURE Introduction Background of the Study Review of Related Literature and Studies Synthesis Statement of the Problem or Objectives Theoretical Framework Hypothesis Significance of the Studies Scope and Delimitation Definition of terms

3. Introduction The introduction should contain a concise discussion of any or all of the following: Presentation of the situation or problem Existence of an unsatisfactory condition, or problem that needs a solution Rationale of the study A desire to have a clearer understanding of a situation circumstances or phenomenon An attempt to find a better way of addressing a problem It can include ideas, phrase and sentences from published materials relevant to the study to give the readers and overview of the study.

4. An Abstract for A Study Summarizes, Usually in One paragraph of 300 words or less, the major aspects of the entire paper in a prescribed sequence that includes The overall Purpose of the Study and the research problems you investigated The Basic design of the Study What is your paper about? Why is it important? What did you find? Why are your findings Important?

5. Research Designs A. Qualitative Research Design = involves in depth analysis of the problems. Its focused is to provide accurate description of problems w/o attempting to treat or employ sophisticated statistical tools or describe problems. Less participants, experiences , longer contact time, Interview (Semi Structured and Unstructured = “ Unli Information Bigay Siya ng Bigay Ikaw Kuha ka ng Kuha ”), More Words, Assumptions, Open Ended Questions (More Details) Cannot be answerable by Yes or No. (Parang Unli Rice), Exploring ( Lalim at Lawak ng Study), Rapport with Participants, Narratives and Paragraphs, Themes and Concepts, More Writing B. Quantitative Research Design = its focused is to describe problems descriptively and numerically. It utilizes more statistical tests to explain the nature, characteristics, relationships and differences of variables. Examples are Survey Questionnaires(Google Forms, Printed Copy) , more respondents , Opinions or perceptions, Short contact time, Structured, more numbers, Hypothesis, Close-ended Questions (Yes, No, Always, Often, Sometimes, Never, Agree, Disagree), Hypothesis Testing, Distance, Tables and Graphs, Scale and Ranking (5,4,3,2,1), Less Writing

6. Sample Questions Qualitative How do you handle your roles as a parent and as a college student at the same time? What advice would you give to other working parents who are continuing their college studies? Quantitative Can you handle your role s being a parent and a college student at the same time? Would you encourage other parents to continue their college studies?

7. Background This part discusses the historical background of the problem. It describes the problematic situation, The extent and gravity of the problem, Who are affected that led to conduct of the study Pertinent statistical data can be cited to support the researchers existence of the problem.

8. Review of Related Literature/Studies In conducting literature follow the steps: Define the research problem precisely Survey & examine relevant secondary sources of information Select appropriate general reference works. Formulate and focus on search items like key words or phrase to make the process of inquiry more efficient. Search the general references for relevant primary of information.

9. Synthesis The synthesis of the related literature and studies must be logically summarize and combine into a coherent whole the surveyed findings and ideas of other researchers and authors. It is the part that puts the surveyed materials in a logical perspective.

10. Statement of the Problem/Research of Problem Studies Elements of the SOP Aim or Purpose Subject Matter or Topic Place or Locale Period or Time Population In some research, the aim is omitted as well as the population. It is also known as the Objectives of the Study.

11. Guidelines in Formulating SOP The general and specific problems should be formulated first before starting the research. Form the two parts of the problem, the General Problem and Specific problem It is customary to state the general problem in statement form, while the specific problems is interrogative form. Each specific question must be clear and unequivocal Each specific question is researchable. Each specific question must be based upon facts It may have a researchable and non-researchable questions.

12. Construction of the Main Problem and Sub-problem of the Study   1. The main problem of the study may be stated by briefly pointing out the objectives, the subject and the coverage of the study. Ex. The study aimed to assess the acceptance of an accurate polygraph results as evidence in court.   2. Specify the sub-problems of the main problem. Ex. Specifically, it sought to answer the following sub-problems: 1. To what extent does the application of polygraph examination affect the attainment of an accurate results to be presented as evidence in court in terms of: 1.1. examiner’s competency; 1.2. facility and instrument; 1.3. techniques and procedures; and 1.4. subject’s condition?

13. Theoretical Framework Theoretical framework is the foundation of the study. The theory should have a relationship with the issues posted in the study Types of Theories 1. Descriptive Theory = seeks to describe a phenomenon 2. Prescriptive Theory = seeks to tell how and sometimes why one should or ought to behave in certain ways

14. Guidelines in Choosing Theory  1. Research must be well-founded on universally accepted, known and tested theory, principles or concepts.  2. Research may be anchored on several theories available.  Presentation of Theoretical Framework Ex. The framework of the study is anchored on …………..……………

15. Conceptual Framework = an illustration of how research problems are generated from the theoretical framework of the study  = it may be some sort of modification of the theoretical framework or personally conceptualized by the researcher

16. Presentation of Conceptual Framework/Paradigm  1. The research paradigm must clearly show the major impact of the cited theory on the variables (dependent and independent variables) of the study. 2. An existing theory may be capsulized in a research paradigm which may be adopted with some modifications.  3. There must be textual explanations of the variables in the paradigm. Textual explanations should come before the figure or paradigm.

17. Assumption and Hypothesis  1. Assumption = self-evident truth which is based upon known fact or phenomenon. It is not usually answered or proven because it is assumed true or correct which are beyond the control of the researcher . Note: In historical and descriptive researches, it is often times not explicitly expressed but left implicit, that is, unwritten   2. Hypothesis = tentative conclusion or answer to specific question raised at the beginning of the investigation. It is an educated guess about the answer to a specific question.  

18. Types of Hypothesis  1. Descriptive Hypothesis = use to answer descriptive questions Ex. Sub-problem: 1. What is the profile of the polygraph examiners of law enforcement agencies in terms of: 1.1. age; 1.2. marital status; 1.3. educational attainment; and 1.4. Length of Service Ex. Hypothesis “Majority of the respondents belong to the age bracket of 30 to 40, male, college graduate and about 20 years in service.” 2. Statistical Hypothesis = use to answer questions on the relationship or differences of data obtained in descriptive questions.

19. Forms of Statistical Hypothesis  1. Null Form = always the first temporary solution to a problem = basis of the action of acceptance or rejection = the word null in mathematics means empty zero = asserts that there is no significant difference or relationship between the variable = stated in negative Ex. There is no significant difference between  2. Operational/Alternative (Ha) = stated in affirmative Three forms of alternative hypothesis: 1. non-directional hypothesis 2. positive directional hypothesis 3. negative directive hypothesis

20. Nondirectional Hypothesis – i ndicates that the researcher is not interested on whether one variable is greater or lesser than the other, but only in the difference. Ex. Drug A and Drug B have significant effects on the cure of fever. Ha: A = B Positive Directional Hypothesis Ex. Drug A is more effective than Drug B on the treatment of fever. Ha: A > B Negative Directional Hypothesis Ex. Drug B is more effective that Drug A on the treatment of fever. Ha: A < B

21. Formulating Hypothesis A hypothesis is formulated after the problem has been stated and the literature study has been concluded. It is formulated when the researcher is totally aware of the theoretical and empirical background of the problem. Example of Hyphothesis There is no significant difference on the evaluation of the security management system of the four (4) groups of respondents in terms of systems and procedures, facilities and equipment, and human resources .

22. Guidelines in the Formulation of Explicit Hypothesis  In experimental investigations, comparative and correlational studies, hypothesis has to be explicit or expressed. In descriptive and historical investigations, hypothesis are seldom expressed if not entirely absent. The specific questions serve as the hypothesis. Hypotheses are usually stated in the null form because testing a null hypothesis is easier than a hypothesis in the operational form. Hypotheses are formulated from the specific questions upon which they are based. Ex. of Statistical Hypothesis

23. Sub-problem: Is there any significant difference on the assessment of the groups of respondents with regards to the extent of application of polygraph examination in the attainment to be accurate results to be presented as evidence in court in terms of examiner’s competency, facility and instrument, techniques and procedures, and subject’s condition?   Hypothesis: The is no significant difference on the assessment of the groups of respondents with regards to the extent of application of polygraph examination in the attainment of accurate results to be presented as evidence in court in terms of examiner’s competency, facility and instrument, techniques and procedures, and subject’s condition.

24. Significance of the Study It is the part of the research paper that allows the researcher to state the value, importance and or contributions which the study is expected to add to a particular discipline. To be significant the study should be timely and relevant. This is presented by stating the general importance of the study to specific individuals or groups.

25. Example of Significance of the Study The product of this study could be beneficial to the overall welfare of the following stakeholders: The student could be more comfortable and secure while they are pursuing their education in the University and it could transpose in promoting the safety and protection of students while in the campus. The parents could have less fear when their sons and daughters are at school, knowing their adorable children are safe and sound. The Faculty/Employees could be more aware and could have a better relationship with the security staff.

26. Scope and Limitation The scope of the study states where and when the study will be conducted and who the subject are. It also sets the delimitations and establishes the boundaries of the study. The limitation of the study includes a frank and honest admission of any weakness or limitation of the research study concerning the sampling technique.

27. Example of Scope of the Study The research is only limited to the general weighted average of graduates in the AY 2017-2018 and AY 208-2019 in the professional subjects. Only the grades of graduates who took and passed on the first attempt the licensure exams was analysed. The result of the licensure exam of the first takers was considered in the analysis. It covers the licensure exam from December 2018 to December 2021. The general weighted average is transmuted with the following points.

28. Definition of Terms Terms should be defined in a research paper in order for the researcher and the reader to be thinking in terms of the same things. Clear definitions of terms should be stated for all important variables that need to be defined. Terms can be defined conceptually and or operationally for better understanding.

29. Example of Definition of Terms Definition of Terms   The following terms were operationalized and conceptualized to aid readers in understanding. Age. when a person was born; their age at that time. It is described as the length of time from the date of a live birth to a particular point in time, typically the date the data was collected. The study divides people into three age groups: 18 to 24 years old, 25 to 39 years old, and 40 to 60 years old. Civil Status. being a current or former civil partner, whether you are single, married, separated, divorced, widowed, or widowed, in a civil partnership that was ended by death or dissolution. This study distinguishes between the civil statuses of those who are single, married, and separated.

30. References QUEST REVIEW CENTER LECTURE 1 STATISTICS DLSUD LECTURE 2 STATISTICS DLSUD Salmorin , M. E. (2006). Methods of research. Manila: Mindshapers Co. Inc Calderon, J. F., & Gonzales, E. C. (1993). Methods of research and thesis writing. Mandaluyong City, Philippines: National Bookstore. Tejero , E. G. (2006). Thesis & dissertation writing: A modular approach. Mandaluyong City, Philippines: National Bookstore. Thesis Manual for UPHSD Undergraduate Students (2009) Writing a Scientific Research Report ( IMRaD ) by THE WRITING CENTER (https://writingcenter.gmu.edu