Parapsychology(A Study of Psychic phenomena and paranormal)

Parapsychology
Branch of Psychology
A Study of Psychic phenomena and paranormal

1. Parapsychology

2. Introduction Society For Psychical Research Kinds of Paranormal Phenomena ESP Psychokinesis or Telekinesis Survival after bodily death Conclusion Contents

3. “The study of certain reported but unsubstantiated events that have no presently known explanation is parapsychology”

4. “Most sciences try to explain observable phenomena. Parapsychologists try to observe unexplainable phenomena.” By: Ashley Durkee and Jason Hester

5. Parapsychology is the study of paranormal and psychic phenomena . This area of Study includes those events that cannot be explained on the basis of physical law nor of the current scientific knowledge. In this phenomena, human being gets to know facts and thoughts about other events or incidents without using 5 natural scenes or skills. This phenomena has existed since the ancient times and people used to say that there causes were phantoms, magicians, devils or mythological creatures. What is Parapsychology?

6. The term parapsychology was coined in or around 1889 by philosopher Max Dessoir. It was adopted by J. B. Rhine in the 1930s as a replacement for the term psychical research in order to indicate a significant & shift toward experimental methodology and academic discipline. The term originates from the Greek nopa para meaning "alongside“ and psychology.

7. T he Society for Psychical Research (SPR) was founded in London in 1882. Its formation was the first systematic effort to organize scientists and scholars to investigate paranormal phenomena. Early membership included philosophers, scholars, scientists, educators and politicians. The SPR become the model for similar socities in other European countries and United States during the late 19th century. Society F or Psychical R esearch

8. Parapsychologist studies three kinds of paranormal phenomena i.e. Extrasensory perception (ESP) Psychokinesis or Telekinesis T he phenomena suggestive of survival after bodily death. Kinds of Paranormal Phenomena

9. Extrasensory perception or ESP is the most well known area of parapsychology. ESP refers to the reception and processing of information not obtained through the physical senses, but are sensed by through an individual's mind. Coined by renowned psychologist J.B. Rhine in 1934. T he term was used to refer to psychic abilities and temporal operations . ESP is commonly called sixth sense. Many types of ESP are thought to exist, but some of its kinds are most testable and well known. Extrasensory perception (ESP)

10. Telepathy Telepathy is one person sending thoughts to another or perceiving another's thoughts without using any of the five recognized senses. Users of this power are often called Telepaths or mind readers . User can read or sense another person's thoughts, communicate with them mentally or affect their m inds. The term ‘telepathy’ was coined by F. W. Myers in 1882 .

11. The Ganzfeld experiments are the most recent in parapsychology for testing telepathy. The ganzfeld was originally introduced into experimental psychology due to the experiments of German psychologist Wolfgang Metzger. In the typical Ganzfeld experiment, a "sender " and a "receiver " are isolated. The receiver is put into the Ganzfeld state or Ganzfeld effect and the sender is (shown a video clip or still picture and) asked to mentally send that image to the receiver. The receiver, while in the Ganzfeld, is asked to continuously Ganzfeld Experiment

12. speak aloud all mental processes, including images, thoughts and feelings. At the end of the sending period, typically about 20 to 40 minutes in length, the receiver is taken out of the Ganzfeld state and shown four images or videos, one of which is the true) target and three of which are non-target, decoys. The receiver attempts to select the true target, using perceptions experienced during the Ganzfeld state as clues to what the mentally "sent" image might have been.

13. Clairvoyance is the capability to acquire information about a parti- cular object, scenario, physical event or location using extrasensory means. The term is a combination of two French words “clair" which means "clear" and " voyant“ which means "seeing". Clairvoyants are people who allegedly have this ability. . Clairvoyance

14. For over 130 years, researchers had tried to conduct scientific studies on clairvoyance. One study revealed a 32% success rate versus the 25% chance rate of self-proclaimed clairvoyants being able to transmit one of four given images to "receivers" who were placed in another room. There are two types of clairvoyance Precognition Retrocognition

15. Precognition is the ability to actually perceive or see a future event through extrasensory perception (ESP) or clairvoyance, before it happens. The term is derived from the Latin præ, meaning “prior to” and cognitio, meaning “to gain knowledge.” Precognitive events usually appear to individuals as a flash or spontaneous vision when , in an awakened state, a person receives a short intense mental scenario. precognition

16. One example of this would be that of a mother who is driving in her car and sees a vision of her child injured at a playground. She quickly turns the car around to find her child about to fall from a tall tree . Another example would be of a person who is about to board an airplane and has a vision of a crash that is so intense that he decides not to board the plane. He finds out later that there was in fact a plane crash.

17. DREAM INTERPRETATION Some people experience precognition through dreaming. In studying precognition, it has been found that most of the predicted events happen within a short time frame. In 80 to 85 percent of the time, the events involve a loved one, family member or close friend. The rest of the events fall under the category of individuals who are unrelated, i.e., strangers or public figures.

18. Retrocognition (also known as post cognition ), from the Latin retro meaning " backward, and cognition meaning "knowing," describes "knowledge of a past event which could not have been learned or inferred by normal means ." The term was coined by Frederic W. H. Myers . This ability is also referred to by others as “post-cognition” and “ past evocation”. retro-cognition

19. Retrocognition is also divided, or categorized into different forms or variations. One form would be “retrocognitive artistry”, wherein the psychic can describe past events through writing, painting or drawing them . Another variant is called “retrocognitive dreaming”, wherein the psychic can perceive past events through his or her dreams.

20. Déjà Vu Many psychic researchers consider the term “déjà vu” to be a simpler or milder form of retrocognition. What exactly is “déjà vu”? The term actually refers to an intense gut feeling that one has been to a certain place , witnessed a past event, or met a person.

21. Psychometry (from Greek : psukhē, "spirit, soul" and metron , "measure"),[1] also known as token object reading, or psychoscopy, is a form of extrasensory perception characterized by the claimed ability to make relevant associations from an object of unknown history by making physical contact with that object . psychometry

22. Zener cards are cards used to conduct experiments for extrasensory perception (ESP), most often clairvoyance. Perceptual psychologist Karl Zener (1903–1964) designed the cards in the early 1930s for experiments conducted with his colleague, parapsychologist J. B. Rhine (1895–1980 ). ZENER CARDS

23. Telekinesis or Psychokinesis (PK) also refers to moving objects from one place to another without using physical contact. It also m eans reshaping of objects using the mind's energies, such as bending a spoon , or key, by just holding it and focusing . The term 'Psychokinesis' comes from the Greek words psyche meaning life or soul and kinesis meaning to move. PK(Psychokinesis or telekinesis)

24. The word ‘Psychokinesis ' was coined in 1914 by American author Henry Holt in his book On the Cosmic Relations. The term is a linguistic blend of the Greek language words ψυχή ("psyche") – meaning mind, soul , spirit , or breath – and κίνησις ("kinesis") – meaning motion , movement. Many people believe that there is physiological or psychological evidence for the human brain's capacity to do far more than we imagine: after all , they say, we only use 10 percent of our brains

25. They claim that psychic powers, including telekinesis, are merely the result of psychics being able to use more of their brains than others. After all, they ask, what wonders could we accomplish by tapping the other 90 percent of our brains?

26. Simply put, this is the alleged ability of some people to move objects with their minds. In this photograph, from 1892 , a table was ostensibly being levit - ated , while a researcher (on the right) checked that there was no cheating. James Randi, a notable skeptic and magician , is just one person who has demonstrated the very ordinary methods by which individuals can make objects appear to move without physical contact.

27. While many scientists believe that telekinesis would go against the basic laws of physics, and is therefore by definition impossible, some have postulated that quantum physics may offer an explanation. That said , in 1987, a broad review by the United States National Academy of Sciences looked at 13 decades of research and found that there was no basis for a belief in Psychokinesis .

28. The nature of human consciousness and an examination of whether consciousness survives the physical form. This phenomenon includes: Mediumship Near-death experiences Apparition Reincarnation Survival after bodily death

29. Mediumship is the practice of certain people known as mediums to purportedly mediate communication between spirits of the dead and living human beings. Humans have been fascinated with contacting the dead since the beginning of human existence. There are different types of mediumship including: S pirit channeling Ouija . MEDIUMSHIP

30. The practice of channeling a person's body being taken over by a spirit for the purpose of communication has been around for millennia. There are countless stories of shamen, witch doctors, and others who claim to hear voices or receive some supernatural knowledge from the spirit world. Channelers, also sometimes known as psychic mediums, often use what are called "spirit guides," friendly spirits who give them knowledge and help them on their spiritual journeys. Spirit channeling

31. The ouija (wee- jah , or wee- jee ), also known as a spirit board or talking board is a flat board marked with the letters of the alphabet, the numbers 0–9, the words " yes", "no", "hello" (occasionally), and "goodbye ", along with various symbols and graphics. It uses a small heart shaped piece of wood or plastic called a planchette . Participants place their fingers on the planchette, and it is moved about the board to spell out words. ouija

32. A near-death experience (NDE) is an experience reported by a person who nearly died, or who experienced clinical death and then revived. . NDEs include one or more of the following experiences : a sense of being dead ;a sensation of floating above one's body and seeing the surrounding area; Near-death experiences

33. a sense of overwhelming love and peace; a sensation of moving upwards through a tunnel or narrow passageway; meeting deceased relatives or spiritual figures; encountering a being of light, or a light; experiencing a life review; reaching a border or boundary; and a feeling of being returned to the body, often accompanied by reluctance .

34. An out-of-body experience (OBE or sometimes OOBE) is an experience that typically involves a feeling of floating outside one's body and, in some cases, the feeling of perceiving one's physical body as if from a place outside one's body. Out of body experiences

35. A pparitional experience is an anomalous experience . It is characterized by the apparent perception of either a living being or an inanimate object without there being any material stimulus for such a perception. The person experie- ncing the apparition is awake, excluding dream visions from consideration. APPARITION

36. In other words, it is the experience of the presence of a person or animal – living or dead – that is not actually there, which seems to occur primarily through sight, but at times can seem to occur through the other senses (sound, smell, taste, and touch ).

37. A good example of a apparition case is given by Dr. Sally Rhine Feather and author Michael Schmicker (2005) in their book The Gift: A woman and her fifteen-year-old daughter had recently moved to California from their previous home in Washington D.C., where they had left the woman’s father very ill. One day not long after moving, they entered the dining room, and to the woman’s great surprise, there stood her father. “Why Dad, when did you get here?” she exclaimed. At that point, her daughter turned around to look, and she, too, saw the figure of her grandfather, his hand upraised in a gesture of greeting or perhaps blessing, but he slowly faded away, and they both suddenly realized that he was not really in California in their house. Shortly afterward, they received the news that he had died

38. Reincarnation is the concept that an aspect of a living being starts a new life in a different physical body or form after each biological death. Psychiatrist Ian Stevenson, from the University of Virginia, conducted more than 2,500 case studies over a period of 40 years and published twelve books. He wrote that childhood memories ostensibly related to reincarnation normally occurred between the ages of three and seven years then fade shortly afterwards REINCARNATION

39. Certain cultures and faiths have long held various beliefs in reincarnation and past existences, and these continue today as tenets of contemporary Hinduism, Jainism and Buddhism, and even have some Islamic, Jewish and Christian followers. The concept of reincarnation was explored in the early 1900s by psychologist William James, pictured, at a time when such theories started to be researched. Skeptics suggest that past lives can be attributed to false memory syndrome or selective thinking. And with modern science unable to capture the process of reincarnation itself, conclusive answers are again difficult, if not impossible, to ascertain.

40. Parapsychology research is largely conducted by private institutions in several countries and funded through private donations, and the subject rarely appears in mainstream science journals. Most papers about parapsychology are published in a small number of niche journals. Parapsychology has been criticized for continuing investigation despite being unable to provide convincing evidence for the existence of any psychic phenomena after more than a century of research . It has been noted that most academics do not take the claims of parapsychology seriously. conclusion

41. THANKS