Parasitoids and Predators, their attributes.

Insect parasitoids have an immature life stage that develops on or within a single insect host, ultimately killing the host, hence the value of parasitoids as natural enemies. Adult parasitoids are free-living and may be predaceous. Parasitoids are often called parasites, but the term parasitoid is more technically correct. Most beneficial insect parasitoids are wasps or flies, although some rove beetles (see Predators) and other insects may have life stages that are parasitoids.
where as the Major characteristics of arthropod predators includes adults and immatures are often generalists rather than specialists, they generally are larger than their prey, they kill or consume many prey males, females, immatures, and adults may be predatory and they attack immature and adult prey.

1. Topic : Parasitiods And Predators Their Attributes Course : Ento-412 ( biological control) Submitted To : Dr. R.K. Gupta

2. CONTENTS Introduction Parasitiods Classification Of Parasitiods Types Of Parasitism Attributes Of Parasitiods Predators Predators Feeding Behaviour Predators Searching Behaviour Comparison Between Parasitiods And Predators Conclusion

3. INTRODUCTION Biological control is the pest management tactic involving purposeful natural enemy manipulation to obtain reduction in a pest’s status. – PEDIGO Natural enemies are living organisms found in the nature that kills insects outright, weakens them and thereby contribute to their premature death or reduce their reproductive potential. Categories of Bio-control Agents(NEs): Parasites Predators Parasitiods

4. Parasitiods Organism often of same size as its host, kills its host. Requires only one host for development into a free-living adult. Parasitic in Immature Stages but Adult Is Free-living. It generally lay its eggs within or upon the host, the larva feed within( Endo- Parasitiods ) or upon the host( Ecto- Parasitiods ). 6 orders (86 families) viz. Diptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Neuroptera, Coleoptera , And Strepsiptera have listed as Parasitiods. Among these Hymenoptera And Diptera are most important. E.g.: ECTO-PARASITIODS E.g.: ENDO-PARASITIODS

5. Classification of Parasitiods EGG PARASITIOD: e.g. Trichogramma sp., Telenomus sp., etc . EGG-LARVAL PARASITIOD : e.g. Braconid, Chelonus blackburni LARVAL PARASITIOD: e.g. DBM Parasitiods, Isotima sp., Campoletis chloridae, etc LARVAL- PUPAL PARASITIOD: e.g. Pleurotropis epilachnae on Epilachna spp CONTD.

6. PUPAL PARASITIODS: e.g. Tetrastichus sp., Elasmus sp ., Fruit Fly parasitiods, etc ADULT PARASITIOD: e.g. Blaesoziphae kellyi a parasitiods of locust. NYMPHAL- ADULT PARSITIOD : e.g. Epiricania melanoleuca parasitic on Pyrilla perpusilla . On The Basis Of Stage Of Host Attacked

7. Types Of Parasitism Hyper parasitism : A hyper parasitoid is a parasitoid which developed on another parasitoid i.e. a parasite of a parasite. It depend on the food chain as host primary, secondary, tertiary and so on. e. g. pea aphid Acyrthosiohan pisum ------------Primary consumer Primary parasite Aphidius sinithi ------------Secondary consumer Secondary parasite Allaxysta vitix -----------Tertiary consumer Tertiary parasite Asaphes califonical -----------Quaternary parasite Super parasitism : The condition resulting from the use of a single host individual by more number of individual parasitiods of the same species than it can successfully switch to maturity because of nutritional limitation. Multiple Parasitism: It refers to that condition in which individuals of two or more species of parasitiods occur on the same single host at the same time. E.g. Many of primary tachinid parasitoids of the spruce budworm compete with ichneumonid parasites.

8. Attributes Of Parasitiods Ecological Compatibility Temporal Synchronization Reproductive Potential Searching Capacity Dispersal Capacity Host Specificity And Compatibility Food Requirement And Habitat Hyper Parasitism Culturability

9. Advantages & disadvantages of parasitiods Advantages Survival is usually good. Good host finding ability. Only 1 or fewer host is required for its complete development. Short life cycle. Synchronized with that pest density. Simple and cheap mass propagation techniques are available. Disadvantages Host searching capacity may be reduced by weather or other factors. Only the female searches. Often the best searcher lay few eggs. Synchronization is often difficult. Multi and Super Parasitism reduces the effectiveness. Timing of release is important.

10. Predators Free Living Organism Throughout Its Life. Usually Larger Than Its Host(prey). Requires More Than One Prey To Complete Its Life Cycle. Kills It Prey Outrightly. Wide Host Range. Long Life Cycle And Good Fecundity. Good Host Searching Ability, Preying Capacity And Consumption Rate. In Terms Of Diversity And Significance Of Biological Control- The Coleoptera(lady Bird Beetle), Neuroptera(lacewing), Hymenoptera(ants), Diptera(flies) And Hemiptera(damsel Bug) Are Outstanding.

11. Predators feeding behaviour Based On Feeding Mechanism : Totally Devour Prey Mouthparts – mandibulate / chewing Usually capture smaller prey E.g.: beetles, dragonfly, preying mantids, etc b)Do Not Devour Totally Mouthparts- piercing and sucking types Capture large prey and suck nutrients from prey. e.g.: assasin bugs

12. Based On With Respect To Host Range: a) Monophagous: those species that are highly restricted in their host range. Sometimes limited to one species of prey (e.g., the vedalia beetle). b) Oligophagous: those species with a somewhat restricted host range. Limited to a few species (e.g., aphid-feeding coccinellids and syrphids). c) Polyphagous: those species with a broad host range (e.g., green lacewing, preying mantis). Predators may be grouped with respect to the stage of prey attacked which can either be egg, larval (or nymphal), pupal, adult, or a combination of these.

13. PREDATORS SEARCHING BEHAVIOUR Stalking Predators: Move slowly and quietly towards prey to catch. Very quick and movable E.g.: ladybird beetle Ambush Predators: Sit and wait for movable prey to walk into an ambush Less quick and movable E.g.: preying mantids

14. Advantages & disadvantages of predators Advantages Prey is killed rapidly. Often all individuals in the population(male, female, immatures) searches for prey. Synchronization in Predator/Prey lifecycle is not frequent problem. Free living organism throughout its life. Good Preying Capacity. Good Consumption Rate. Disadvantages Cannibalistic and may feed on beneficial insects. Can be a PEST. E.g.: fire ant Mass production difficult and costly. Unable to perform as efficiently as their native counterparts. Relatively short period of timing that are associated with their prey.

15. Comparison between Parasitiods and predators Attributes Parasitiod Predator Food terminology Host Prey Free living Larva- no Adult –yes Yes (both larva and adult) No. Of host required 1 1 or few Host range Narrow Narrow Feeder on pest Only larva Both adult and larva Effect on host Killed Killed Fecundity Variable Low Size compared with host Same or smaller Larger Effectiveness Low -moderate Low Commercial availability Low Low Cost Low Low Suitability for bio –control Best suited Suited

16. conclusion The object of biological control is either to introduce natural enemies or to manipulate existing ones to causes the pest population to be regulated at density below ECONOMIC INJURY LEVEL. In general, growth of NE’s population when its host is abundant, subsequent decline of host followed by decline of NE’s. FIG.: The Theoretical relationship between a Pest and the introduction of an effective Natural Enemy.

17. Certainly, Parasitiods have been used more frequently than Predators in attempts of biological control. Ratio of Parasitiods to Predators used in the programs have been estimated at from 2:1 to 4:1. At last, success actually depends on the particular Agro-ecosystem, the pest(s) involved and the environment in which these interact.

18. REFERENCES Pedigo,larry.P.1996.Entomology and Pest management,2 nd edition. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, chapter 9. Nature.berkeley.edu>biocon...... www.annualreviews.org>doi>pdf>an......... Onlinelibrary.wiley.com>doi>pdf Google search

19. Thanks for buzzing around!!! We had a great time!!