Parkinson’s disease

DrHanisah'sNotes

1. Mohd . Akmal b. Rosli (060) Nur Hanisah bt. Zainoren (062)

2. Objectives

3. Overview Parkinson's disease is a degenerative neurologic disease . Degenerative = declining in quality (Thus , the disease increases in severity over time ) Neurologic = the nervous system. described by James Parkinson

4. Parkinson’s Disease results from the degeneration of dopaminergic nigrostriatal tract With age, there is progressive loss of dopamine and dopamine receptors in the basal ganglia (caudate nucleus and putamen )

5. Causes

6. Hypokinetic movements Grossly diminished in Parkinsonism EXPRESSIONLESS FACE/MASK FACE

7. Dopamine is secreted in the caudate nucleus and putamen . It act as inhibitory transmitter In which destruction of dopaminergic neuron in substansia nigra happen in Parkinson’s disease. This cause the caudate nucleus and the putamen to be overly active Hyperkinetic feature

8. It also cause continuous output of excitatory signal to the corticospinal motor control system which lead to rigidity .

9. Lead pipe  increase in muscle tone causing a sustained resistance to passive movement throughout the whole range of motion Cogwheel It is a combination of lead pipe and tremor jerky resistance to passive movement as muscles tense and relax Rigidity

10. Involuntary tremor It is due to the high feedback gain after the loss of inhibition lead to tremor of Parkinson’s disease. This happen during all walking hours. Tremor

11. Administration of L-dopa It’s a drug that can cross blood brain barrier This will be converted in the brain into dopamine Restored the balance between inhibiton and excitation of caudate nucleus and putamen Treatments

12. This drug inhibit monoamine oxidas e which is an enzyme that destroy dopamine. It will make dopamine remain longer in the basal ganglia. Adminstration of L-dopa and L- deprenyl will provide better treatment than just one drug alone. Treament with L- deprenyl

13. This dopamine secreting cells is retrived from the brain of aborted fetuses. It is transplanted into the caudate nucleus and putamen . However this only lasted for few months Treament by transplant of fetal dopamine cells

14. Parkinson’s disease is cause by the loss of function of substansia nigra to produce dopamine. Conclusion

15. References Textbook of Physiology, Volume 2, Prof. A.K. Jain Textbook of Medical Physiology, Prof GK Pal http://www.umm.edu/parkinsons/facts.htm