Part a - The Structure of the Universe - ENGLISH.ppt

Explicación en inglés de la estructura del universo parte a

1. Space Science and Engineering
ING 306
EXTRAGALACTIC
ASTROPHYSICS
(Part A)
The Structure of the Universe
©Jorge A. Heraud, Ph.D.
Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú
[email protected]

4. Small temperature variations of 1 part in 10^6 of a degree observed by the COBE
spacecraft in the microwave radio spectrum, showing the “seeds” of matter of our
Universe, activated by the Gravitational consequences of such energy and matter.

5. La
Light appears in the Universe 379,000 years after the Big Bang, 13,780 years
ago. This is now determined with a precision of 1%. This image was obtained
in August 2002 by the WMAP probe, in orbit about 1.5 million km from Earth.

6. The same Cosmic Microwave Background
(CMB) radiation, obtained by the “ PLANCK”
Probe on March 21, 2013.

8. De Jones & Lambourne

9. •Geometric Methods (Paralax)
•Methods based on the Standard Candle concept.
•Spectral Red Shift (Hubble’s Law)
•Cepheid Stars (Henrietta Leavitt’s Law and
Hertzsprung & Shappley Absolute Magnitude )
•Supernovas type “I-a”
•Fluctuations of Galaxy Brightness
•Standard Luminosity of Galaxies
Meassurement of Cosmic Distances

10. RELATION BETWEEN THE PERÍOD (in days) OF THE MAGNITUD VARIATION OF A
CEPHEID STAR AND ITS ABSOLUTE MAGNITUDE (lHenrietta Leavitt’s Law )

11. Variación of the Apparent visual Magnitude of a Cepheid Starin Time (in days)

13. “RED SHIFT” (or larger wavelengths due to the Doppler Effect
FOR GALAXIES MOVING AWAY FROM US.
BLUES SIDE (SHORTER WAVELENGTH )
OF SPECTRUM
RED SIDE
OF SPECTRUM
(LONGER WAVELENGTH )

15. Beyond our local “Milky Way” galaxy, the distribution
of galaxies is not uniform, neither are they randomly
distributed. There are concentrations of galaxies
forming various levels of galactic structures that we
can identify as:
•(a) Local Concentration (“groups” or “conglomerates”)
•(b) “Super-Conglomerates”
•(c) “Large Scale Structures”
BEYOND THE MILKY WAY

16. •Grouping of TENTHS, even THOUSANDS of galaxies. the
conglomerates (clusters) have several Mpc in diameter.
(a) CLUSTERS
OR CONGLOMERATES

18. Vía Láctea
Andrómeda
Triangulum

19. •There are groups of Conglomerates with diameters of the
order of dozens of Mpc and with a gravitational influence of
less than a galaxy.
•Our “local Group” is part of the “Local Super-conglomerate
centered in the Virgo Conglomerate with a diameter of about
30 Mpc (about 100 Million Ly) and masses of the order of 10
exp(15) Solar masses.
•There are many other super-conglomerates around our local
group with similar dimensions.
•There are no more structures beyond the two levels described:
(b) SUPER-CONGLOMERATES

21. Cúmulo Galáctico a 7.7 x 10^9 Ly de distancia, recientemente detectado
por la Sonda WISE de NASA en el Infrarojo y el telescopio “Subaru” en
Mauna Kea, Hawaii , en la región óptica.
Imagen : NASA/JPL-Caltech/UCLA/WIYN/Subaru
Sonda WISE : Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer
NASA / JPL y Caltech, UCLA
(INFRAROJO) (INAfra
Telescopios: WIYN, Arizona y
“Subaru” , Mauna Kea, Hawaii
(REGIÓN ÓPTICA)

22. •Superclusters usually come to be superstructures, having void
regions between them, apparently containing now matter.
(c) LARGE SCALE
STRUCTURES

26. The Giant GRB Ring is a suspected superstructure — a collection of nine gamma-ray bursts (immensely powerful stellar explosions)
arranged in a loose ring that spans 5.6 billion light-years, as shown in this artist’s concept.
Pablo Carlos Budassi/Wikimedia Commons/CC BY-SA 4.0

27. This data shows Blackbody Radiation with a precision of a fraction of one
percent as received by the COBE spaceprobe.

28. Last news form the space probe “Planck”, obtained on
March 21, 2013
DARK MATTER
ORDINARY
MATTER
DARK ENERGY

29. (d) THE KNOWN UNIVERSE
•About galaxies, separated by enormous voids,
empty regions that form our known Universe.
•The total diameter of the universe is estimated to be about

•The known diameter(observable) is about
•The total mass of the Universe is estimated to be:

That is, the mass of about Milky Way Galaxies.
•The Age of the Universe is :
9
125 10x
9
150x10
61 26 10
p
5.4x10 l = 8.7x10 m. = 9.195x10 Ly
9
14x10 Ly
60 52 22
p
10 m = 3x10 Kg. = 1.5x10 M

60 17 9
p
8x10 t =4.3x10 s.= 13.626x10 años

30. THE GALAXY
AT GREATEST
DISTANCE
FROM EARTH

UDFy-38135539
Is a “normal
Galaxy” , it has a
Red Doppler shif
of 8.55 (the
Lyman-alpha
lines have been
shifted from UV
to IR.

We see it as it
was 13,000
years ago, only
600 million years
after the “Big
Bang”.

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